Merge branch 'ph/parseopt'

* ph/parseopt: (24 commits)
  gc: use parse_options
  Fixed a command line option type for builtin-fsck.c
  Make builtin-pack-refs.c use parse_options.
  Make builtin-name-rev.c use parse_options.
  Make builtin-count-objects.c use parse_options.
  Make builtin-fsck.c use parse_options.
  Update manpages to reflect new short and long option aliases
  Make builtin-for-each-ref.c use parse-opts.
  Make builtin-symbolic-ref.c use parse_options.
  Make builtin-update-ref.c use parse_options
  Make builtin-revert.c use parse_options.
  Make builtin-describe.c use parse_options
  Make builtin-branch.c use parse_options.
  Make builtin-mv.c use parse-options
  Make builtin-rm.c use parse_options.
  Port builtin-add.c to use the new option parser.
  parse-options: allow callbacks to take no arguments at all.
  parse-options: Allow abbreviated options when unambiguous
  Add shortcuts for very often used options.
  parse-options: make some arguments optional, add callbacks.
  ...

Conflicts:

	Makefile
	builtin-add.c

.gitignore

@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ test-delta
 test-dump-cache-tree
 test-genrandom
 test-match-trees
+test-parse-options
 test-sha1
 common-cmds.h
 *.tar.gz

Documentation/git-add.txt

@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ OPTIONS
 	and `dir/file2`) can be given to add all files in the
 	directory, recursively.
 
--n::
+-n, \--dry-run::
         Don't actually add the file(s), just show if they exist.
 
--v::
+-v, \--verbose::
         Be verbose.
 
 -f::

Documentation/git-branch.txt

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ OPTIONS
 -a::
 	List both remote-tracking branches and local branches.
 
--v::
+-v, --verbose::
 	Show sha1 and commit subject line for each head.
 
 --abbrev=<length>::

Documentation/git-mv.txt

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	condition. An error happens when a source is neither existing nor
         controlled by GIT, or when it would overwrite an existing
         file unless '-f' is given.
--n::
+-n, \--dry-run::
 	Do nothing; only show what would happen
 
 

Documentation/git-rm.txt

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ OPTIONS
 -f::
 	Override the up-to-date check.
 
--n::
+-n, \--dry-run::
         Don't actually remove the file(s), just show if they exist in
         the index.
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ OPTIONS
 \--ignore-unmatch::
 	Exit with a zero status even if no files matched.
 
-\--quiet::
+-q, \--quiet::
 	git-rm normally outputs one line (in the form of an "rm" command)
 	for each file removed. This option suppresses that output.
 

Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ a regular file whose contents is `ref: refs/heads/master`.
 OPTIONS
 -------
 
--q::
+-q, --quiet::
 	Do not issue an error message if the <name> is not a
 	symbolic ref but a detached HEAD; instead exit with
 	non-zero status silently.

Makefile

@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ LIB_H = \
 	run-command.h strbuf.h tag.h tree.h git-compat-util.h revision.h \
 	tree-walk.h log-tree.h dir.h path-list.h unpack-trees.h builtin.h \
 	utf8.h reflog-walk.h patch-ids.h attr.h decorate.h progress.h \
-	mailmap.h remote.h transport.h diffcore.h hash.h
+	mailmap.h remote.h parse-options.h transport.h diffcore.h hash.h
 
 DIFF_OBJS = \
 	diff.o diff-lib.o diffcore-break.o diffcore-order.o \
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ LIB_OBJS = \
 	alloc.o merge-file.o path-list.o help.o unpack-trees.o $(DIFF_OBJS) \
 	color.o wt-status.o archive-zip.o archive-tar.o shallow.o utf8.o \
 	convert.o attr.o decorate.o progress.o mailmap.o symlinks.o remote.o \
-	transport.o bundle.o walker.o
+	transport.o bundle.o walker.o parse-options.o
 
 BUILTIN_OBJS = \
 	builtin-add.o \
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ endif
 
 ### Testing rules
 
-TEST_PROGRAMS = test-chmtime$X test-genrandom$X test-date$X test-delta$X test-sha1$X test-match-trees$X test-absolute-path$X
+TEST_PROGRAMS = test-chmtime$X test-genrandom$X test-date$X test-delta$X test-sha1$X test-match-trees$X test-absolute-path$X test-parse-options$X
 
 all:: $(TEST_PROGRAMS)
 

builtin-add.c

@@ -13,9 +13,12 @@
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "revision.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
-static const char builtin_add_usage[] =
-"git-add [-n] [-v] [-f] [--interactive | -i] [-u] [--refresh] [--] <filepattern>...";
+static const char * const builtin_add_usage[] = {
+	"git-add [options] [--] <filepattern>...",
+	NULL
+};
 
 static int take_worktree_changes;
 static const char *excludes_file;
@@ -162,21 +165,30 @@ static struct lock_file lock_file;
 static const char ignore_error[] =
 "The following paths are ignored by one of your .gitignore files:\n";
 
+static int verbose = 0, show_only = 0, ignored_too = 0, refresh_only = 0;
+static int add_interactive = 0;
+
+static struct option builtin_add_options[] = {
+	OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only),
+	OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+	OPT_GROUP(""),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN('i', "interactive", &add_interactive, "interactive picking"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN('f', NULL, &ignored_too, "allow adding otherwise ignored files"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN('u', NULL, &take_worktree_changes, "update tracked files"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "refresh", &refresh_only, "don't add, only refresh the index"),
+	OPT_END(),
+};
+
 int cmd_add(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int i, newfd;
-	int verbose = 0, show_only = 0, ignored_too = 0, refresh_only = 0;
+	int i, newfd, orig_argc = argc;
 	const char **pathspec;
 	struct dir_struct dir;
-	int add_interactive = 0;
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		if (!strcmp("--interactive", argv[i]) ||
-		    !strcmp("-i", argv[i]))
-			add_interactive++;
-	}
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, builtin_add_options,
+			  builtin_add_usage, 0);
 	if (add_interactive) {
-		if (argc != 2)
+		if (add_interactive != 1 || orig_argc != 2)
 			die("add --interactive does not take any parameters");
 		exit(interactive_add());
 	}
@@ -185,51 +197,19 @@ int cmd_add(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	newfd = hold_locked_index(&lock_file, 1);
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
-
-		if (arg[0] != '-')
-			break;
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
-			i++;
-			break;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-n")) {
-			show_only = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-f")) {
-			ignored_too = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-v")) {
-			verbose = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-u")) {
-			take_worktree_changes = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--refresh")) {
-			refresh_only = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		usage(builtin_add_usage);
-	}
-
 	if (take_worktree_changes) {
 		if (read_cache() < 0)
 			die("index file corrupt");
-		add_files_to_cache(verbose, prefix, argv + i);
+		add_files_to_cache(verbose, prefix, argv);
 		goto finish;
 	}
 
-	if (argc <= i) {
+	if (argc == 0) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Nothing specified, nothing added.\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "Maybe you wanted to say 'git add .'?\n");
 		return 0;
 	}
-	pathspec = get_pathspec(prefix, argv + i);
+	pathspec = get_pathspec(prefix, argv);
 
 	if (refresh_only) {
 		refresh(verbose, pathspec);

builtin-branch.c

@@ -11,9 +11,15 @@
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "remote.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
-static const char builtin_branch_usage[] =
-  "git-branch [-r] (-d | -D) <branchname> | [--track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] | (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> | [--color | --no-color] [-r | -a] [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]]";
+static const char * const builtin_branch_usage[] = {
+	"git-branch [options] [-r | -a]",
+	"git-branch [options] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>]",
+	"git-branch [options] [-r] (-d | -D) <branchname>",
+	"git-branch [options] (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch>",
+	NULL
+};
 
 #define REF_UNKNOWN_TYPE    0x00
 #define REF_LOCAL_BRANCH    0x01
@@ -505,93 +511,45 @@ int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int rename = 0, force_rename = 0;
 	int verbose = 0, abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV, detached = 0;
 	int reflog = 0, track;
-	int kinds = REF_LOCAL_BRANCH;
-	int i;
+	int kinds = REF_LOCAL_BRANCH, kind_remote = 0, kind_any = 0;
+
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_GROUP("Generic options"),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "track",  &track, "set up tracking mode (see git-pull(1))"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "color",  &branch_use_color, "use colored output"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('r', NULL,     &kind_remote, "act on remote-tracking branches"),
+		OPT__ABBREV(&abbrev),
+
+		OPT_GROUP("Specific git-branch actions:"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('a', NULL,     &kind_any, "list both remote-tracking and local branches"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('d', NULL,     &delete, "delete fully merged branch"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('D', NULL,     &force_delete, "delete branch (even if not merged)"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('l', NULL,     &reflog, "create the branch's reflog"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', NULL,     &force_create, "force creation (when already exists)"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('m', NULL,     &rename, "move/rename a branch and its reflog"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('M', NULL,     &force_rename, "move/rename a branch, even if target exists"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 
 	git_config(git_branch_config);
 	track = branch_track;
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, builtin_branch_usage, 0);
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
-
-		if (arg[0] != '-')
-			break;
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
-			i++;
-			break;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--track")) {
-			track = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-track")) {
-			track = 0;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-d")) {
-			delete = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-D")) {
-			delete = 1;
-			force_delete = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-f")) {
-			force_create = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-m")) {
-			rename = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-M")) {
-			rename = 1;
-			force_rename = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-r")) {
+	delete |= force_delete;
+	rename |= force_rename;
+	if (kind_remote)
 		kinds = REF_REMOTE_BRANCH;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-a")) {
+	if (kind_any)
 		kinds = REF_REMOTE_BRANCH | REF_LOCAL_BRANCH;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-l")) {
-			reflog = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--no-abbrev")) {
-			abbrev = 0;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--abbrev=")) {
-			abbrev = strtoul(arg + 9, NULL, 10);
-			if (abbrev < MINIMUM_ABBREV)
+	if (abbrev && abbrev < MINIMUM_ABBREV)
 		abbrev = MINIMUM_ABBREV;
 	else if (abbrev > 40)
 		abbrev = 40;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-v")) {
-			verbose = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--color")) {
-			branch_use_color = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-color")) {
-			branch_use_color = 0;
-			continue;
-		}
-		usage(builtin_branch_usage);
-	}
 
 	if ((delete && rename) || (delete && force_create) ||
 	    (rename && force_create))
-		usage(builtin_branch_usage);
+		usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);
 
 	head = resolve_ref("HEAD", head_sha1, 0, NULL);
 	if (!head)
@@ -599,26 +557,25 @@ int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	head = xstrdup(head);
 	if (!strcmp(head, "HEAD")) {
 		detached = 1;
-	}
-	else {
+	} else {
 		if (prefixcmp(head, "refs/heads/"))
 			die("HEAD not found below refs/heads!");
 		head += 11;
 	}
 
 	if (delete)
-		return delete_branches(argc - i, argv + i, force_delete, kinds);
-	else if (i == argc)
+		return delete_branches(argc, argv, force_delete, kinds);
+	else if (argc == 0)
 		print_ref_list(kinds, detached, verbose, abbrev);
-	else if (rename && (i == argc - 1))
-		rename_branch(head, argv[i], force_rename);
-	else if (rename && (i == argc - 2))
-		rename_branch(argv[i], argv[i + 1], force_rename);
-	else if (i == argc - 1 || i == argc - 2)
-		create_branch(argv[i], (i == argc - 2) ? argv[i+1] : head,
+	else if (rename && (argc == 1))
+		rename_branch(head, argv[0], force_rename);
+	else if (rename && (argc == 2))
+		rename_branch(argv[0], argv[1], force_rename);
+	else if (argc <= 2)
+		create_branch(argv[0], (argc == 2) ? argv[1] : head,
 			      force_create, reflog, track);
 	else
-		usage(builtin_branch_usage);
+		usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);
 
 	return 0;
 }

builtin-count-objects.c

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
-
-static const char count_objects_usage[] = "git-count-objects [-v]";
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
 static void count_objects(DIR *d, char *path, int len, int verbose,
 			  unsigned long *loose,
@@ -67,29 +66,28 @@ static void count_objects(DIR *d, char *path, int len, int verbose,
 	}
 }
 
-int cmd_count_objects(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
+static char const * const count_objects_usage[] = {
+	"git-count-objects [-v]",
+	NULL
+};
+
+int cmd_count_objects(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int i;
-	int verbose = 0;
+	int i, verbose = 0;
 	const char *objdir = get_object_directory();
 	int len = strlen(objdir);
 	char *path = xmalloc(len + 50);
 	unsigned long loose = 0, packed = 0, packed_loose = 0, garbage = 0;
 	unsigned long loose_size = 0;
+	struct option opts[] = {
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 
-	for (i = 1; i < ac; i++) {
-		const char *arg = av[i];
-		if (*arg != '-')
-			break;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "-v"))
-			verbose = 1;
-		else
-			usage(count_objects_usage);
-	}
-
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, opts, count_objects_usage, 0);
 	/* we do not take arguments other than flags for now */
-	if (i < ac)
-		usage(count_objects_usage);
+	if (argc)
+		usage_with_options(count_objects_usage, opts);
 	memcpy(path, objdir, len);
 	if (len && objdir[len-1] != '/')
 		path[len++] = '/';

builtin-describe.c

@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "exec_cmd.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
 #define SEEN		(1u<<0)
 #define MAX_TAGS	(FLAG_BITS - 1)
 
-static const char describe_usage[] =
-"git-describe [--all] [--tags] [--abbrev=<n>] <committish>*";
+static const char * const describe_usage[] = {
+	"git-describe [options] <committish>*",
+	NULL
+};
 
 static int debug;	/* Display lots of verbose info */
 static int all;	/* Default to annotated tags only */
@@ -242,57 +245,42 @@ static void describe(const char *arg, int last_one)
 
 int cmd_describe(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int i;
 	int contains = 0;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "contains",   &contains, "find the tag that comes after the commit"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "debug",      &debug, "debug search strategy on stderr"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "all",        &all, "use any ref in .git/refs"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "tags",       &tags, "use any tag in .git/refs/tags"),
+		OPT__ABBREV(&abbrev),
+		OPT_INTEGER(0, "candidates", &max_candidates,
+					"consider <n> most recent tags (default: 10)"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
-
-		if (*arg != '-')
-			break;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--contains"))
-			contains = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--debug"))
-			debug = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--all"))
-			all = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--tags"))
-			tags = 1;
-		else if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--abbrev=")) {
-			abbrev = strtoul(arg + 9, NULL, 10);
-			if (abbrev != 0 && (abbrev < MINIMUM_ABBREV || 40 < abbrev))
-				abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV;
-		}
-		else if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--candidates=")) {
-			max_candidates = strtoul(arg + 13, NULL, 10);
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, describe_usage, 0);
 	if (max_candidates < 1)
 		max_candidates = 1;
 	else if (max_candidates > MAX_TAGS)
 		max_candidates = MAX_TAGS;
-		}
-		else
-			usage(describe_usage);
-	}
 
 	save_commit_buffer = 0;
 
 	if (contains) {
-		const char **args = xmalloc((4 + argc - i) * sizeof(char*));
+		const char **args = xmalloc((4 + argc) * sizeof(char*));
 		args[0] = "name-rev";
 		args[1] = "--name-only";
 		args[2] = "--tags";
-		memcpy(args + 3, argv + i, (argc - i) * sizeof(char*));
-		args[3 + argc - i] = NULL;
-		return cmd_name_rev(3 + argc - i, args, prefix);
+		memcpy(args + 3, argv, argc * sizeof(char*));
+		args[3 + argc] = NULL;
+		return cmd_name_rev(3 + argc, args, prefix);
 	}
 
-	if (argc <= i)
+	if (argc == 0) {
 		describe("HEAD", 1);
-	else
-		while (i < argc) {
-			describe(argv[i], (i == argc - 1));
-			i++;
+	} else {
+		while (argc-- > 0) {
+			describe(*argv++, argc == 0);
+		}
 	}
-
 	return 0;
 }

builtin-for-each-ref.c

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "tree.h"
 #include "blob.h"
 #include "quote.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
 /* Quoting styles */
 #define QUOTE_NONE 0
@@ -158,17 +159,18 @@ static const char *find_next(const char *cp)
  * Make sure the format string is well formed, and parse out
  * the used atoms.
  */
-static void verify_format(const char *format)
+static int verify_format(const char *format)
 {
 	const char *cp, *sp;
 	for (cp = format; *cp && (sp = find_next(cp)); ) {
 		const char *ep = strchr(sp, ')');
 		if (!ep)
-			die("malformatted format string %s", sp);
+			return error("malformatted format string %s", sp);
 		/* sp points at "%(" and ep points at the closing ")" */
 		parse_atom(sp + 2, ep);
 		cp = ep + 1;
 	}
+	return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -800,94 +802,76 @@ static struct ref_sort *default_sort(void)
 	return sort;
 }
 
-int cmd_for_each_ref(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
+int opt_parse_sort(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
 {
-	int i, num_refs;
-	const char *format = NULL;
-	struct ref_sort *sort = NULL, **sort_tail = &sort;
-	int maxcount = 0;
-	int quote_style = -1; /* unspecified yet */
-	struct refinfo **refs;
-	struct grab_ref_cbdata cbdata;
-
-	for (i = 1; i < ac; i++) {
-		const char *arg = av[i];
-		if (arg[0] != '-')
-			break;
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
-			i++;
-			break;
-		}
-		if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--format=")) {
-			if (format)
-				die("more than one --format?");
-			format = arg + 9;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-s") || !strcmp(arg, "--shell") ) {
-			if (0 <= quote_style)
-				die("more than one quoting style?");
-			quote_style = QUOTE_SHELL;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-p") || !strcmp(arg, "--perl") ) {
-			if (0 <= quote_style)
-				die("more than one quoting style?");
-			quote_style = QUOTE_PERL;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--python") ) {
-			if (0 <= quote_style)
-				die("more than one quoting style?");
-			quote_style = QUOTE_PYTHON;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--tcl") ) {
-			if (0 <= quote_style)
-				die("more than one quoting style?");
-			quote_style = QUOTE_TCL;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--count=")) {
-			if (maxcount)
-				die("more than one --count?");
-			maxcount = atoi(arg + 8);
-			if (maxcount <= 0)
-				die("The number %s did not parse", arg);
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--sort=")) {
-			struct ref_sort *s = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*s));
+	struct ref_sort **sort_tail = opt->value;
+	struct ref_sort *s;
 	int len;
 
-			s->next = NULL;
-			*sort_tail = s;
+	if (!arg) /* should --no-sort void the list ? */
+		return -1;
+
+	*sort_tail = s = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*s));
 	sort_tail = &s->next;
 
-			arg += 7;
 	if (*arg == '-') {
 		s->reverse = 1;
 		arg++;
 	}
 	len = strlen(arg);
-			sort->atom = parse_atom(arg, arg+len);
-			continue;
-		}
-		break;
-	}
-	if (quote_style < 0)
-		quote_style = QUOTE_NONE;
+	s->atom = parse_atom(arg, arg+len);
+	return 0;
+}
 
+static char const * const for_each_ref_usage[] = {
+	"git-for-each-ref [options] [<pattern>]",
+	NULL
+};
+
+int cmd_for_each_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int i, num_refs;
+	const char *format = "%(objectname) %(objecttype)\t%(refname)";
+	struct ref_sort *sort = NULL, **sort_tail = &sort;
+	int maxcount = 0, quote_style;
+	int quote_shell = 0, quote_perl = 0, quote_python = 0, quote_tcl = 0;
+	struct refinfo **refs;
+	struct grab_ref_cbdata cbdata;
+
+	struct option opts[] = {
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('s', "shell", &quote_shell, "quote placeholders suitably for shells"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('p', "perl",  &quote_perl, "quote placeholders suitably for perl"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "python", &quote_python, "quote placeholders suitably for python"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "tcl",  &quote_tcl, "quote placeholders suitably for tcl"),
+
+		OPT_GROUP(""),
+		OPT_INTEGER( 0 , "count", &maxcount, "show only <n> matched refs"),
+		OPT_STRING(  0 , "format", &format, "format", "format to use for the output"),
+		OPT_CALLBACK(0 , "sort", &sort_tail, "key",
+		            "field name to sort on", &opt_parse_sort),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+
+	parse_options(argc, argv, opts, for_each_ref_usage, 0);
+	if (maxcount < 0) {
+		error("invalid --count argument: `%d'", maxcount);
+		usage_with_options(for_each_ref_usage, opts);
+	}
+	if (quote_shell + quote_perl + quote_python + quote_tcl > 1) {
+		error("more than one quoting style ?");
+		usage_with_options(for_each_ref_usage, opts);
+	}
+	if (verify_format(format))
+		usage_with_options(for_each_ref_usage, opts);
+
+	quote_style = QUOTE_SHELL * quote_shell + QUOTE_PERL * quote_perl +
+		QUOTE_PYTHON * quote_python + QUOTE_TCL * quote_tcl;
 	if (!sort)
 		sort = default_sort();
 	sort_atom_limit = used_atom_cnt;
-	if (!format)
-		format = "%(objectname) %(objecttype)\t%(refname)";
-
-	verify_format(format);
 
 	memset(&cbdata, 0, sizeof(cbdata));
-	cbdata.grab_pattern = av + i;
+	cbdata.grab_pattern = argv;
 	for_each_ref(grab_single_ref, &cbdata);
 	refs = cbdata.grab_array;
 	num_refs = cbdata.grab_cnt;

builtin-fsck.c

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "pack.h"
 #include "cache-tree.h"
 #include "tree-walk.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
 #define REACHABLE 0x0001
 #define SEEN      0x0002
@@ -666,9 +667,24 @@ static int fsck_cache_tree(struct cache_tree *it)
 	return err;
 }
 
-static const char fsck_usage[] =
-"git-fsck [--tags] [--root] [[--unreachable] [--cache] [--full] "
-"[--strict] [--verbose] <head-sha1>*]";
+static char const * const fsck_usage[] = {
+	"git-fsck [options] [<object>...]",
+	NULL
+};
+
+static struct option fsck_opts[] = {
+	OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "unreachable", &show_unreachable, "show unreachable objects"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "tags", &show_tags, "report tags"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "root", &show_root, "report root nodes"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "cache", &keep_cache_objects, "make index objects head nodes"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "reflogs", &include_reflogs, "make reflogs head nodes (default)"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "full", &check_full, "also consider alternate objects"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "strict", &check_strict, "enable more strict checking"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "lost-found", &write_lost_and_found,
+				"write dangling objects in .git/lost-found"),
+	OPT_END(),
+};
 
 int cmd_fsck(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
@@ -677,49 +693,10 @@ int cmd_fsck(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	track_object_refs = 1;
 	errors_found = 0;
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
-
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--unreachable")) {
-			show_unreachable = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--tags")) {
-			show_tags = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--root")) {
-			show_root = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--cache")) {
-			keep_cache_objects = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-reflogs")) {
-			include_reflogs = 0;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--full")) {
-			check_full = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--strict")) {
-			check_strict = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--verbose")) {
-			verbose = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--lost-found")) {
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, fsck_opts, fsck_usage, 0);
+	if (write_lost_and_found) {
 		check_full = 1;
 		include_reflogs = 0;
-			write_lost_and_found = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (*arg == '-')
-			usage(fsck_usage);
 	}
 
 	fsck_head_link();
@@ -741,22 +718,18 @@ int cmd_fsck(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			verify_pack(p, 0);
 
 		for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
-			uint32_t i, num;
+			uint32_t j, num;
 			if (open_pack_index(p))
 				continue;
 			num = p->num_objects;
-			for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
-				fsck_sha1(nth_packed_object_sha1(p, i));
+			for (j = 0; j < num; j++)
+				fsck_sha1(nth_packed_object_sha1(p, j));
 		}
 	}
 
 	heads = 0;
 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
-
-		if (*arg == '-')
-			continue;
-
 		if (!get_sha1(arg, head_sha1)) {
 			struct object *obj = lookup_object(head_sha1);
 
@@ -783,7 +756,6 @@ int cmd_fsck(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	}
 
 	if (keep_cache_objects) {
-		int i;
 		read_cache();
 		for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
 			unsigned int mode;

builtin-gc.c

@@ -12,11 +12,15 @@
 
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 
 #define FAILED_RUN "failed to run %s"
 
-static const char builtin_gc_usage[] = "git-gc [--prune] [--aggressive]";
+static const char * const builtin_gc_usage[] = {
+	"git-gc [options]",
+	NULL
+};
 
 static int pack_refs = 1;
 static int aggressive_window = -1;
@@ -165,38 +169,34 @@ static int need_to_gc(void)
 
 int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int i;
 	int prune = 0;
+	int aggressive = 0;
 	int auto_gc = 0;
 	char buf[80];
 
+	struct option builtin_gc_options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "prune", &prune, "prune unreferenced loose objects"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "aggressive", &aggressive, "be more thorough (increased runtime)"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "auto", &auto_gc, "enable auto-gc mode"),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
 	git_config(gc_config);
 
 	if (pack_refs < 0)
 		pack_refs = !is_bare_repository();
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--prune")) {
-			prune = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--aggressive")) {
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, builtin_gc_options, builtin_gc_usage, 0);
+	if (argc > 0)
+		usage_with_options(builtin_gc_usage, builtin_gc_options);
+
+	if (aggressive) {
 		append_option(argv_repack, "-f", MAX_ADD);
 		if (aggressive_window > 0) {
 			sprintf(buf, "--window=%d", aggressive_window);
 			append_option(argv_repack, buf, MAX_ADD);
 		}
-			continue;
 	}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--auto")) {
-			auto_gc = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		break;
-	}
-	if (i != argc)
-		usage(builtin_gc_usage);
 
 	if (auto_gc) {
 		/*

builtin-mv.c

@@ -8,9 +8,12 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "cache-tree.h"
 #include "path-list.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
-static const char builtin_mv_usage[] =
-"git-mv [-n] [-f] (<source> <destination> | [-k] <source>... <destination>)";
+static const char * const builtin_mv_usage[] = {
+	"git-mv [options] <source>... <destination>",
+	NULL
+};
 
 static const char **copy_pathspec(const char *prefix, const char **pathspec,
 				  int count, int base_name)
@@ -61,8 +64,14 @@ static struct lock_file lock_file;
 
 int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int i, newfd, count;
+	int i, newfd;
 	int verbose = 0, show_only = 0, force = 0, ignore_errors = 0;
+	struct option builtin_mv_options[] = {
+		OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', NULL, &force, "force move/rename even if target exists"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('k', NULL, &ignore_errors, "skip move/rename errors"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 	const char **source, **destination, **dest_path;
 	enum update_mode { BOTH = 0, WORKING_DIRECTORY, INDEX } *modes;
 	struct stat st;
@@ -78,52 +87,29 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (read_cache() < 0)
 		die("index file corrupt");
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, builtin_mv_options, builtin_mv_usage, 0);
+	if (--argc < 1)
+		usage_with_options(builtin_mv_usage, builtin_mv_options);
 
-		if (arg[0] != '-')
-			break;
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
-			i++;
-			break;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-n")) {
-			show_only = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-f")) {
-			force = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-k")) {
-			ignore_errors = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		usage(builtin_mv_usage);
-	}
-	count = argc - i - 1;
-	if (count < 1)
-		usage(builtin_mv_usage);
-
-	source = copy_pathspec(prefix, argv + i, count, 0);
-	modes = xcalloc(count, sizeof(enum update_mode));
-	dest_path = copy_pathspec(prefix, argv + argc - 1, 1, 0);
+	source = copy_pathspec(prefix, argv, argc, 0);
+	modes = xcalloc(argc, sizeof(enum update_mode));
+	dest_path = copy_pathspec(prefix, argv + argc, 1, 0);
 
 	if (dest_path[0][0] == '\0')
 		/* special case: "." was normalized to "" */
-		destination = copy_pathspec(dest_path[0], argv + i, count, 1);
+		destination = copy_pathspec(dest_path[0], argv, argc, 1);
 	else if (!lstat(dest_path[0], &st) &&
 			S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
 		dest_path[0] = add_slash(dest_path[0]);
-		destination = copy_pathspec(dest_path[0], argv + i, count, 1);
+		destination = copy_pathspec(dest_path[0], argv, argc, 1);
 	} else {
-		if (count != 1)
-			usage(builtin_mv_usage);
+		if (argc != 1)
+			usage_with_options(builtin_mv_usage, builtin_mv_options);
 		destination = dest_path;
 	}
 
 	/* Checking */
-	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *src = source[i], *dst = destination[i];
 		int length, src_is_dir;
 		const char *bad = NULL;
@@ -167,13 +153,13 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 				if (last - first > 0) {
 					source = xrealloc(source,
-							(count + last - first)
+							(argc + last - first)
 							* sizeof(char *));
 					destination = xrealloc(destination,
-							(count + last - first)
+							(argc + last - first)
 							* sizeof(char *));
 					modes = xrealloc(modes,
-							(count + last - first)
+							(argc + last - first)
 							* sizeof(enum update_mode));
 				}
 
@@ -183,13 +169,13 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				for (j = 0; j < last - first; j++) {
 					const char *path =
 						active_cache[first + j]->name;
-					source[count + j] = path;
-					destination[count + j] =
+					source[argc + j] = path;
+					destination[argc + j] =
 						prefix_path(dst, dst_len,
 							path + length);
-					modes[count + j] = INDEX;
+					modes[argc + j] = INDEX;
 				}
-				count += last - first;
+				argc += last - first;
 			}
 		} else if (lstat(dst, &st) == 0) {
 			bad = "destination exists";
@@ -216,12 +202,12 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 		if (bad) {
 			if (ignore_errors) {
-				if (--count > 0) {
+				if (--argc > 0) {
 					memmove(source + i, source + i + 1,
-						(count - i) * sizeof(char *));
+						(argc - i) * sizeof(char *));
 					memmove(destination + i,
 						destination + i + 1,
-						(count - i) * sizeof(char *));
+						(argc - i) * sizeof(char *));
 				}
 			} else
 				die ("%s, source=%s, destination=%s",
@@ -229,7 +215,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		}
 	}
 
-	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *src = source[i], *dst = destination[i];
 		enum update_mode mode = modes[i];
 		if (show_only || verbose)

builtin-name-rev.c

@@ -3,12 +3,10 @@
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "tag.h"
 #include "refs.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
 #define CUTOFF_DATE_SLOP 86400 /* one day */
 
-static const char name_rev_usage[] =
-	"git-name-rev [--tags | --refs=<pattern>] ( --all | --stdin | committish [committish...] )\n";
-
 typedef struct rev_name {
 	const char *tip_name;
 	int generation;
@@ -153,51 +151,41 @@ static const char* get_rev_name(struct object *o)
 	}
 }
 
+static char const * const name_rev_usage[] = {
+	"git-name-rev [options] ( --all | --stdin | <commit>... )",
+	NULL
+};
+
 int cmd_name_rev(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	struct object_array revs = { 0, 0, NULL };
-	int as_is = 0, all = 0, transform_stdin = 0;
+	int all = 0, transform_stdin = 0;
 	struct name_ref_data data = { 0, 0, NULL };
+	struct option opts[] = {
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "name-only", &data.name_only, "print only names (no SHA-1)"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "tags", &data.tags_only, "only use tags to name the commits"),
+		OPT_STRING(0, "refs", &data.ref_filter, "pattern",
+				   "only use refs matching <pattern>"),
+		OPT_GROUP(""),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "all", &all, "list all commits reachable from all refs"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "stdin", &transform_stdin, "read from stdin"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 
 	git_config(git_default_config);
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, opts, name_rev_usage, 0);
+	if (!!all + !!transform_stdin + !!argc > 1) {
+		error("Specify either a list, or --all, not both!");
+		usage_with_options(name_rev_usage, opts);
+	}
+	if (all || transform_stdin)
+		cutoff = 0;
 
-	if (argc < 2)
-		usage(name_rev_usage);
-
-	for (--argc, ++argv; argc; --argc, ++argv) {
+	for (; argc; argc--, argv++) {
 		unsigned char sha1[20];
 		struct object *o;
 		struct commit *commit;
 
-		if (!as_is && (*argv)[0] == '-') {
-			if (!strcmp(*argv, "--")) {
-				as_is = 1;
-				continue;
-			} else if (!strcmp(*argv, "--name-only")) {
-				data.name_only = 1;
-				continue;
-			} else if (!strcmp(*argv, "--tags")) {
-				data.tags_only = 1;
-				continue;
-			} else  if (!prefixcmp(*argv, "--refs=")) {
-				data.ref_filter = *argv + 7;
-				continue;
-			} else if (!strcmp(*argv, "--all")) {
-				if (argc > 1)
-					die("Specify either a list, or --all, not both!");
-				all = 1;
-				cutoff = 0;
-				continue;
-			} else if (!strcmp(*argv, "--stdin")) {
-				if (argc > 1)
-					die("Specify either a list, or --stdin, not both!");
-				transform_stdin = 1;
-				cutoff = 0;
-				continue;
-			}
-			usage(name_rev_usage);
-		}
-
 		if (get_sha1(*argv, sha1)) {
 			fprintf(stderr, "Could not get sha1 for %s. Skipping.\n",
 					*argv);
@@ -212,10 +200,8 @@ int cmd_name_rev(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		}
 
 		commit = (struct commit *)o;
-
 		if (cutoff > commit->date)
 			cutoff = commit->date;
-
 		add_object_array((struct object *)commit, *argv, &revs);
 	}
 

builtin-pack-refs.c

@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "object.h"
 #include "tag.h"
-
-static const char builtin_pack_refs_usage[] =
-"git-pack-refs [--all] [--prune | --no-prune]";
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
 struct ref_to_prune {
 	struct ref_to_prune *next;
@@ -117,31 +115,26 @@ static int pack_refs(unsigned int flags)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static char const * const pack_refs_usage[] = {
+	"git-pack-refs [options]",
+	NULL
+};
+
 int cmd_pack_refs(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int i;
-	unsigned int flags;
+	int all = 0, prune = 1;
+	unsigned int flags = 0;
+	struct option opts[] = {
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "all", &all, "pack everything"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "prune", &prune, "prune loose refs (default)"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 
-	flags = PACK_REFS_PRUNE;
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--prune")) {
-			flags |= PACK_REFS_PRUNE; /* now the default */
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-prune")) {
-			flags &= ~PACK_REFS_PRUNE;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--all")) {
+	if (parse_options(argc, argv, opts, pack_refs_usage, 0))
+		usage_with_options(pack_refs_usage, opts);
+	if (prune)
+		flags |= PACK_REFS_PRUNE;
+	if (all)
 		flags |= PACK_REFS_ALL;
-			continue;
-		}
-		/* perhaps other parameters later... */
-		break;
-	}
-	if (i != argc)
-		usage(builtin_pack_refs_usage);
-
 	return pack_refs(flags);
 }

builtin-revert.c

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "run-command.h"
 #include "exec_cmd.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
 /*
  * This implements the builtins revert and cherry-pick.
@@ -19,51 +20,42 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2005 Junio C Hamano
  */
 
-static const char *revert_usage = "git-revert [--edit | --no-edit] [-n] <commit-ish>";
+static const char * const revert_usage[] = {
+	"git-revert [options] <commit-ish>",
+	NULL
+};
 
-static const char *cherry_pick_usage = "git-cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-r] [-x] <commit-ish>";
+static const char * const cherry_pick_usage[] = {
+	"git-cherry-pick [options] <commit-ish>",
+	NULL
+};
 
-static int edit;
-static int replay;
+static int edit, no_replay, no_commit, needed_deref;
 static enum { REVERT, CHERRY_PICK } action;
-static int no_commit;
 static struct commit *commit;
-static int needed_deref;
 
 static const char *me;
 
 #define GIT_REFLOG_ACTION "GIT_REFLOG_ACTION"
 
-static void parse_options(int argc, const char **argv)
+static void parse_args(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
-	const char *usage_str = action == REVERT ?
-		revert_usage : cherry_pick_usage;
+	const char * const * usage_str =
+		action == REVERT ?  revert_usage : cherry_pick_usage;
 	unsigned char sha1[20];
 	const char *arg;
-	int i;
+	int noop;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "no-commit", &no_commit, "don't automatically commit"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('e', "edit", &edit, "edit the commit message"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('x', NULL, &no_replay, "append commit name when cherry-picking"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('r', NULL, &noop, "no-op (backward compatibility)"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 
-	if (argc < 2)
-		usage(usage_str);
-
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		arg = argv[i];
-		if (arg[0] != '-')
-			break;
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-n") || !strcmp(arg, "--no-commit"))
-			no_commit = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "-e") || !strcmp(arg, "--edit"))
-			edit = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-edit"))
-			edit = 0;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "-x") || !strcmp(arg, "--i-really-want-"
-				"to-expose-my-private-commit-object-name"))
-			replay = 0;
-		else if (strcmp(arg, "-r"))
-			usage(usage_str);
-	}
-	if (i != argc - 1)
-		usage(usage_str);
-	arg = argv[argc - 1];
+	if (parse_options(argc, argv, options, usage_str, 0) != 1)
+		usage_with_options(usage_str, options);
+	arg = argv[0];
 	if (get_sha1(arg, sha1))
 		die ("Cannot find '%s'", arg);
 	commit = (struct commit *)parse_object(sha1);
@@ -243,10 +235,10 @@ static int revert_or_cherry_pick(int argc, const char **argv)
 	git_config(git_default_config);
 	me = action == REVERT ? "revert" : "cherry-pick";
 	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION, me, 0);
-	parse_options(argc, argv);
+	parse_args(argc, argv);
 
 	/* this is copied from the shell script, but it's never triggered... */
-	if (action == REVERT && replay)
+	if (action == REVERT && !no_replay)
 		die("revert is incompatible with replay");
 
 	if (no_commit) {
@@ -310,7 +302,7 @@ static int revert_or_cherry_pick(int argc, const char **argv)
 		next = commit;
 		set_author_ident_env(message);
 		add_message_to_msg(message);
-		if (!replay) {
+		if (no_replay) {
 			add_to_msg("(cherry picked from commit ");
 			add_to_msg(sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1));
 			add_to_msg(")\n");
@@ -388,13 +380,14 @@ int cmd_revert(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	if (isatty(0))
 		edit = 1;
+	no_replay = 1;
 	action = REVERT;
 	return revert_or_cherry_pick(argc, argv);
 }
 
 int cmd_cherry_pick(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	replay = 1;
+	no_replay = 0;
 	action = CHERRY_PICK;
 	return revert_or_cherry_pick(argc, argv);
 }

builtin-rm.c

@@ -8,9 +8,12 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "cache-tree.h"
 #include "tree-walk.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
-static const char builtin_rm_usage[] =
-"git-rm [-f] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch] [--quiet] [--] <file>...";
+static const char * const builtin_rm_usage[] = {
+	"git-rm [options] [--] <file>...",
+	NULL
+};
 
 static struct {
 	int nr, alloc;
@@ -121,11 +124,23 @@ static int check_local_mod(unsigned char *head, int index_only)
 
 static struct lock_file lock_file;
 
+static int show_only = 0, force = 0, index_only = 0, recursive = 0, quiet = 0;
+static int ignore_unmatch = 0;
+
+static struct option builtin_rm_options[] = {
+	OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only),
+	OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "cached",         &index_only, "only remove from the index"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN('f', NULL,             &force,      "override the up-to-date check"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN('r', NULL,             &recursive,  "allow recursive removal"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "ignore-unmatch", &ignore_unmatch,
+				"exit with a zero status even if nothing matched"),
+	OPT_END(),
+};
+
 int cmd_rm(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int i, newfd;
-	int show_only = 0, force = 0, index_only = 0, recursive = 0, quiet = 0;
-	int ignore_unmatch = 0;
 	const char **pathspec;
 	char *seen;
 
@@ -136,34 +151,11 @@ int cmd_rm(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (read_cache() < 0)
 		die("index file corrupt");
 
-	for (i = 1 ; i < argc ; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, builtin_rm_options, builtin_rm_usage, 0);
+	if (!argc)
+		usage_with_options(builtin_rm_usage, builtin_rm_options);
 
-		if (*arg != '-')
-			break;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
-			i++;
-			break;
-		}
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "-n"))
-			show_only = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--cached"))
-			index_only = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "-f"))
-			force = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "-r"))
-			recursive = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--quiet"))
-			quiet = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--ignore-unmatch"))
-			ignore_unmatch = 1;
-		else
-			usage(builtin_rm_usage);
-	}
-	if (argc <= i)
-		usage(builtin_rm_usage);
-
-	pathspec = get_pathspec(prefix, argv + i);
+	pathspec = get_pathspec(prefix, argv);
 	seen = NULL;
 	for (i = 0; pathspec[i] ; i++)
 		/* nothing */;

builtin-symbolic-ref.c

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "refs.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
-static const char git_symbolic_ref_usage[] =
-"git-symbolic-ref [-q] [-m <reason>] name [ref]";
+static const char * const git_symbolic_ref_usage[] = {
+	"git-symbolic-ref [options] name [ref]",
+	NULL
+};
 
 static void check_symref(const char *HEAD, int quiet)
 {
@@ -26,44 +29,25 @@ int cmd_symbolic_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int quiet = 0;
 	const char *msg = NULL;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+		OPT_STRING('m', NULL, &msg, "reason", "reason of the update"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 
 	git_config(git_default_config);
-
-	while (1 < argc) {
-		const char *arg = argv[1];
-		if (arg[0] != '-')
-			break;
-		else if (!strcmp("-q", arg))
-			quiet = 1;
-		else if (!strcmp("-m", arg)) {
-			argc--;
-			argv++;
-			if (argc <= 1)
-				break;
-			msg = argv[1];
-			if (!*msg)
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, git_symbolic_ref_usage, 0);
+	if (msg &&!*msg)
 		die("Refusing to perform update with empty message");
-		}
-		else if (!strcmp("--", arg)) {
-			argc--;
-			argv++;
-			break;
-		}
-		else
-			die("unknown option %s", arg);
-		argc--;
-		argv++;
-	}
-
 	switch (argc) {
-	case 2:
-		check_symref(argv[1], quiet);
+	case 1:
+		check_symref(argv[0], quiet);
 		break;
-	case 3:
-		create_symref(argv[1], argv[2], msg);
+	case 2:
+		create_symref(argv[0], argv[1], msg);
 		break;
 	default:
-		usage(git_symbolic_ref_usage);
+		usage_with_options(git_symbolic_ref_usage, options);
 	}
 	return 0;
 }

builtin-update-ref.c

@@ -1,59 +1,44 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
-static const char git_update_ref_usage[] =
-"git-update-ref [-m <reason>] (-d <refname> <value> | [--no-deref] <refname> <value> [<oldval>])";
+static const char * const git_update_ref_usage[] = {
+	"git-update-ref [options] -d <refname> <oldval>",
+	"git-update-ref [options]    <refname> <newval> [<oldval>]",
+	NULL
+};
 
 int cmd_update_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	const char *refname=NULL, *value=NULL, *oldval=NULL, *msg=NULL;
+	const char *refname, *value, *oldval, *msg=NULL;
 	unsigned char sha1[20], oldsha1[20];
-	int i, delete, ref_flags;
+	int delete = 0, no_deref = 0;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_STRING( 'm', NULL, &msg, "reason", "reason of the update"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('d', NULL, &delete, "deletes the reference"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "no-deref", &no_deref,
+					"update <refname> not the one it points to"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
 
-	delete = 0;
-	ref_flags = 0;
 	git_config(git_default_config);
-
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		if (!strcmp("-m", argv[i])) {
-			if (i+1 >= argc)
-				usage(git_update_ref_usage);
-			msg = argv[++i];
-			if (!*msg)
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, git_update_ref_usage, 0);
+	if (msg && !*msg)
 		die("Refusing to perform update with empty message.");
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp("-d", argv[i])) {
-			delete = 1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!strcmp("--no-deref", argv[i])) {
-			ref_flags |= REF_NODEREF;
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!refname) {
-			refname = argv[i];
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!value) {
-			value = argv[i];
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!oldval) {
-			oldval = argv[i];
-			continue;
-		}
-	}
-	if (!refname || !value)
-		usage(git_update_ref_usage);
+
+	if (argc < 2 || argc > 3)
+		usage_with_options(git_update_ref_usage, options);
+	refname = argv[0];
+	value   = argv[1];
+	oldval  = argv[2];
 
 	if (get_sha1(value, sha1))
 		die("%s: not a valid SHA1", value);
 
 	if (delete) {
 		if (oldval)
-			usage(git_update_ref_usage);
+			usage_with_options(git_update_ref_usage, options);
 		return delete_ref(refname, sha1);
 	}
 
@@ -62,5 +47,5 @@ int cmd_update_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		die("%s: not a valid old SHA1", oldval);
 
 	return update_ref(msg, refname, sha1, oldval ? oldsha1 : NULL,
-			  ref_flags, DIE_ON_ERR);
+			  no_deref ? REF_NODEREF : 0, DIE_ON_ERR);
 }

parse-options.c

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+#include "git-compat-util.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+
+#define OPT_SHORT 1
+#define OPT_UNSET 2
+
+struct optparse_t {
+	const char **argv;
+	int argc;
+	const char *opt;
+};
+
+static inline const char *get_arg(struct optparse_t *p)
+{
+	if (p->opt) {
+		const char *res = p->opt;
+		p->opt = NULL;
+		return res;
+	}
+	p->argc--;
+	return *++p->argv;
+}
+
+static inline const char *skip_prefix(const char *str, const char *prefix)
+{
+	size_t len = strlen(prefix);
+	return strncmp(str, prefix, len) ? NULL : str + len;
+}
+
+static int opterror(const struct option *opt, const char *reason, int flags)
+{
+	if (flags & OPT_SHORT)
+		return error("switch `%c' %s", opt->short_name, reason);
+	if (flags & OPT_UNSET)
+		return error("option `no-%s' %s", opt->long_name, reason);
+	return error("option `%s' %s", opt->long_name, reason);
+}
+
+static int get_value(struct optparse_t *p,
+                     const struct option *opt, int flags)
+{
+	const char *s, *arg;
+	arg = p->opt ? p->opt : (p->argc > 1 ? p->argv[1] : NULL);
+
+	if (p->opt && (flags & OPT_UNSET))
+		return opterror(opt, "takes no value", flags);
+
+	switch (opt->type) {
+	case OPTION_BOOLEAN:
+		if (!(flags & OPT_SHORT) && p->opt)
+			return opterror(opt, "takes no value", flags);
+		if (flags & OPT_UNSET)
+			*(int *)opt->value = 0;
+		else
+			(*(int *)opt->value)++;
+		return 0;
+
+	case OPTION_STRING:
+		if (flags & OPT_UNSET) {
+			*(const char **)opt->value = (const char *)NULL;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if (opt->flags & PARSE_OPT_OPTARG && (!arg || *arg == '-')) {
+			*(const char **)opt->value = (const char *)opt->defval;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if (!arg)
+			return opterror(opt, "requires a value", flags);
+		*(const char **)opt->value = get_arg(p);
+		return 0;
+
+	case OPTION_CALLBACK:
+		if (flags & OPT_UNSET)
+			return (*opt->callback)(opt, NULL, 1);
+		if (opt->flags & PARSE_OPT_NOARG) {
+			if (p->opt && !(flags & OPT_SHORT))
+				return opterror(opt, "takes no value", flags);
+			return (*opt->callback)(opt, NULL, 0);
+		}
+		if (opt->flags & PARSE_OPT_OPTARG && (!arg || *arg == '-'))
+			return (*opt->callback)(opt, NULL, 0);
+		if (!arg)
+			return opterror(opt, "requires a value", flags);
+		return (*opt->callback)(opt, get_arg(p), 0);
+
+	case OPTION_INTEGER:
+		if (flags & OPT_UNSET) {
+			*(int *)opt->value = 0;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if (opt->flags & PARSE_OPT_OPTARG && (!arg || !isdigit(*arg))) {
+			*(int *)opt->value = opt->defval;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if (!arg)
+			return opterror(opt, "requires a value", flags);
+		*(int *)opt->value = strtol(get_arg(p), (char **)&s, 10);
+		if (*s)
+			return opterror(opt, "expects a numerical value", flags);
+		return 0;
+
+	default:
+		die("should not happen, someone must be hit on the forehead");
+	}
+}
+
+static int parse_short_opt(struct optparse_t *p, const struct option *options)
+{
+	for (; options->type != OPTION_END; options++) {
+		if (options->short_name == *p->opt) {
+			p->opt = p->opt[1] ? p->opt + 1 : NULL;
+			return get_value(p, options, OPT_SHORT);
+		}
+	}
+	return error("unknown switch `%c'", *p->opt);
+}
+
+static int parse_long_opt(struct optparse_t *p, const char *arg,
+                          const struct option *options)
+{
+	const char *arg_end = strchr(arg, '=');
+	const struct option *abbrev_option = NULL;
+	int abbrev_flags = 0;
+
+	if (!arg_end)
+		arg_end = arg + strlen(arg);
+
+	for (; options->type != OPTION_END; options++) {
+		const char *rest;
+		int flags = 0;
+
+		if (!options->long_name)
+			continue;
+
+		rest = skip_prefix(arg, options->long_name);
+		if (!rest) {
+			/* abbreviated? */
+			if (!strncmp(options->long_name, arg, arg_end - arg)) {
+is_abbreviated:
+				if (abbrev_option)
+					return error("Ambiguous option: %s "
+						"(could be --%s%s or --%s%s)",
+						arg,
+						(flags & OPT_UNSET) ?
+							"no-" : "",
+						options->long_name,
+						(abbrev_flags & OPT_UNSET) ?
+							"no-" : "",
+						abbrev_option->long_name);
+				if (!(flags & OPT_UNSET) && *arg_end)
+					p->opt = arg_end + 1;
+				abbrev_option = options;
+				abbrev_flags = flags;
+				continue;
+			}
+			/* negated and abbreviated very much? */
+			if (!prefixcmp("no-", arg)) {
+				flags |= OPT_UNSET;
+				goto is_abbreviated;
+			}
+			/* negated? */
+			if (strncmp(arg, "no-", 3))
+				continue;
+			flags |= OPT_UNSET;
+			rest = skip_prefix(arg + 3, options->long_name);
+			/* abbreviated and negated? */
+			if (!rest && !prefixcmp(options->long_name, arg + 3))
+				goto is_abbreviated;
+			if (!rest)
+				continue;
+		}
+		if (*rest) {
+			if (*rest != '=')
+				continue;
+			p->opt = rest + 1;
+		}
+		return get_value(p, options, flags);
+	}
+	if (abbrev_option)
+		return get_value(p, abbrev_option, abbrev_flags);
+	return error("unknown option `%s'", arg);
+}
+
+int parse_options(int argc, const char **argv, const struct option *options,
+                  const char * const usagestr[], int flags)
+{
+	struct optparse_t args = { argv + 1, argc - 1, NULL };
+	int j = 0;
+
+	for (; args.argc; args.argc--, args.argv++) {
+		const char *arg = args.argv[0];
+
+		if (*arg != '-' || !arg[1]) {
+			argv[j++] = args.argv[0];
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (arg[1] != '-') {
+			args.opt = arg + 1;
+			do {
+				if (*args.opt == 'h')
+					usage_with_options(usagestr, options);
+				if (parse_short_opt(&args, options) < 0)
+					usage_with_options(usagestr, options);
+			} while (args.opt);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (!arg[2]) { /* "--" */
+			if (!(flags & PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH)) {
+				args.argc--;
+				args.argv++;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!strcmp(arg + 2, "help"))
+			usage_with_options(usagestr, options);
+		if (parse_long_opt(&args, arg + 2, options))
+			usage_with_options(usagestr, options);
+	}
+
+	memmove(argv + j, args.argv, args.argc * sizeof(*argv));
+	argv[j + args.argc] = NULL;
+	return j + args.argc;
+}
+
+#define USAGE_OPTS_WIDTH 24
+#define USAGE_GAP         2
+
+void usage_with_options(const char * const *usagestr,
+                        const struct option *opts)
+{
+	fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s\n", *usagestr++);
+	while (*usagestr && **usagestr)
+		fprintf(stderr, "   or: %s\n", *usagestr++);
+	while (*usagestr)
+		fprintf(stderr, "    %s\n", *usagestr++);
+
+	if (opts->type != OPTION_GROUP)
+		fputc('\n', stderr);
+
+	for (; opts->type != OPTION_END; opts++) {
+		size_t pos;
+		int pad;
+
+		if (opts->type == OPTION_GROUP) {
+			fputc('\n', stderr);
+			if (*opts->help)
+				fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", opts->help);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		pos = fprintf(stderr, "    ");
+		if (opts->short_name)
+			pos += fprintf(stderr, "-%c", opts->short_name);
+		if (opts->long_name && opts->short_name)
+			pos += fprintf(stderr, ", ");
+		if (opts->long_name)
+			pos += fprintf(stderr, "--%s", opts->long_name);
+
+		switch (opts->type) {
+		case OPTION_INTEGER:
+			if (opts->flags & PARSE_OPT_OPTARG)
+				pos += fprintf(stderr, " [<n>]");
+			else
+				pos += fprintf(stderr, " <n>");
+			break;
+		case OPTION_CALLBACK:
+			if (opts->flags & PARSE_OPT_NOARG)
+				break;
+			/* FALLTHROUGH */
+		case OPTION_STRING:
+			if (opts->argh) {
+				if (opts->flags & PARSE_OPT_OPTARG)
+					pos += fprintf(stderr, " [<%s>]", opts->argh);
+				else
+					pos += fprintf(stderr, " <%s>", opts->argh);
+			} else {
+				if (opts->flags & PARSE_OPT_OPTARG)
+					pos += fprintf(stderr, " [...]");
+				else
+					pos += fprintf(stderr, " ...");
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (pos <= USAGE_OPTS_WIDTH)
+			pad = USAGE_OPTS_WIDTH - pos;
+		else {
+			fputc('\n', stderr);
+			pad = USAGE_OPTS_WIDTH;
+		}
+		fprintf(stderr, "%*s%s\n", pad + USAGE_GAP, "", opts->help);
+	}
+	fputc('\n', stderr);
+
+	exit(129);
+}
+
+/*----- some often used options -----*/
+#include "cache.h"
+int parse_opt_abbrev_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	int v;
+
+	if (!arg) {
+		v = unset ? 0 : DEFAULT_ABBREV;
+	} else {
+		v = strtol(arg, (char **)&arg, 10);
+		if (*arg)
+			return opterror(opt, "expects a numerical value", 0);
+		if (v && v < MINIMUM_ABBREV)
+			v = MINIMUM_ABBREV;
+		else if (v > 40)
+			v = 40;
+	}
+	*(int *)(opt->value) = v;
+	return 0;
+}

parse-options.h

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#ifndef PARSE_OPTIONS_H
+#define PARSE_OPTIONS_H
+
+enum parse_opt_type {
+	OPTION_END,
+	OPTION_GROUP,
+	OPTION_BOOLEAN,
+	OPTION_STRING,
+	OPTION_INTEGER,
+	OPTION_CALLBACK,
+};
+
+enum parse_opt_flags {
+	PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH = 1,
+};
+
+enum parse_opt_option_flags {
+	PARSE_OPT_OPTARG  = 1,
+	PARSE_OPT_NOARG   = 2,
+};
+
+struct option;
+typedef int parse_opt_cb(const struct option *, const char *arg, int unset);
+
+struct option {
+	enum parse_opt_type type;
+	int short_name;
+	const char *long_name;
+	void *value;
+	const char *argh;
+	const char *help;
+
+	int flags;
+	parse_opt_cb *callback;
+	/* holds default value for PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
+	   though callbacks can use it like they want */
+	intptr_t defval;
+};
+
+#define OPT_END()                   { OPTION_END }
+#define OPT_GROUP(h)                { OPTION_GROUP, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, (h) }
+#define OPT_BOOLEAN(s, l, v, h)     { OPTION_BOOLEAN, (s), (l), (v), NULL, (h) }
+#define OPT_INTEGER(s, l, v, h)     { OPTION_INTEGER, (s), (l), (v), NULL, (h) }
+#define OPT_STRING(s, l, v, a, h)   { OPTION_STRING,  (s), (l), (v), (a), (h) }
+#define OPT_CALLBACK(s, l, v, a, h, f) \
+	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, (s), (l), (v), (a), (h), 0, (f) }
+
+/* parse_options() will filter out the processed options and leave the
+ * non-option argments in argv[].
+ * Returns the number of arguments left in argv[].
+ */
+extern int parse_options(int argc, const char **argv,
+                         const struct option *options,
+                         const char * const usagestr[], int flags);
+
+extern NORETURN void usage_with_options(const char * const *usagestr,
+                                        const struct option *options);
+
+/*----- some often used options -----*/
+extern int parse_opt_abbrev_cb(const struct option *, const char *, int);
+
+#define OPT__VERBOSE(var)  OPT_BOOLEAN('v', "verbose", (var), "be verbose")
+#define OPT__QUIET(var)    OPT_BOOLEAN('q', "quiet",   (var), "be quiet")
+#define OPT__DRY_RUN(var)  OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "dry-run", (var), "dry run")
+#define OPT__ABBREV(var)  \
+	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "abbrev", (var), "n", \
+	  "use <n> digits to display SHA-1s", \
+	  PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, &parse_opt_abbrev_cb, 0 }
+
+#endif

t/t0040-parse-options.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2007 Johannes Schindelin
+#
+
+test_description='our own option parser'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+cat > expect.err << EOF
+usage: test-parse-options <options>
+
+    -b, --boolean         get a boolean
+    -i, --integer <n>     get a integer
+    -j <n>                get a integer, too
+
+string options
+    -s, --string <string>
+                          get a string
+    --string2 <str>       get another string
+
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'test help' '
+	! test-parse-options -h > output 2> output.err &&
+	test ! -s output &&
+	git diff expect.err output.err
+'
+
+cat > expect << EOF
+boolean: 2
+integer: 1729
+string: 123
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'short options' '
+	test-parse-options -s123 -b -i 1729 -b > output 2> output.err &&
+	git diff expect output &&
+	test ! -s output.err
+'
+cat > expect << EOF
+boolean: 2
+integer: 1729
+string: 321
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'long options' '
+	test-parse-options --boolean --integer 1729 --boolean --string2=321 \
+		> output 2> output.err &&
+	test ! -s output.err &&
+	git diff expect output
+'
+
+cat > expect << EOF
+boolean: 1
+integer: 13
+string: 123
+arg 00: a1
+arg 01: b1
+arg 02: --boolean
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'intermingled arguments' '
+	test-parse-options a1 --string 123 b1 --boolean -j 13 -- --boolean \
+		> output 2> output.err &&
+	test ! -s output.err &&
+	git diff expect output
+'
+
+cat > expect << EOF
+boolean: 0
+integer: 2
+string: (not set)
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'unambiguously abbreviated option' '
+	test-parse-options --int 2 --boolean --no-bo > output 2> output.err &&
+	test ! -s output.err &&
+	git diff expect output
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'unambiguously abbreviated option with "="' '
+	test-parse-options --int=2 > output 2> output.err &&
+	test ! -s output.err &&
+	git diff expect output
+'
+
+test_expect_failure 'ambiguously abbreviated option' '
+	test-parse-options --strin 123;
+        test $? != 129
+'
+
+test_done

test-parse-options.c

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+
+static int boolean = 0;
+static int integer = 0;
+static char *string = NULL;
+
+int main(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	const char *usage[] = {
+		"test-parse-options <options>",
+		NULL
+	};
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('b', "boolean", &boolean, "get a boolean"),
+		OPT_INTEGER('i', "integer", &integer, "get a integer"),
+		OPT_INTEGER('j', NULL, &integer, "get a integer, too"),
+		OPT_GROUP("string options"),
+		OPT_STRING('s', "string", &string, "string", "get a string"),
+		OPT_STRING(0, "string2", &string, "str", "get another string"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	int i;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, usage, 0);
+
+	printf("boolean: %d\n", boolean);
+	printf("integer: %d\n", integer);
+	printf("string: %s\n", string ? string : "(not set)");
+
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+		printf("arg %02d: %s\n", i, argv[i]);
+
+	return 0;
+}