483bc4f045
Following what appears to be the predominant style, format
names of commands and commandlines both as `teletype text`.
While we're at it, add articles ("a" and "the") in some
places, italicize the name of the command in the manual page
synopsis line, and add a comma or two where it seems appropriate.
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@uchicago.edu>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
1123 lines
43 KiB
Plaintext
1123 lines
43 KiB
Plaintext
git-fast-import(1)
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==================
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NAME
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----
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git-fast-import - Backend for fast Git data importers
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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frontend | 'git fast-import' [options]
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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This program is usually not what the end user wants to run directly.
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Most end users want to use one of the existing frontend programs,
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which parses a specific type of foreign source and feeds the contents
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stored there to `git-fast-import`.
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fast-import reads a mixed command/data stream from standard input and
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writes one or more packfiles directly into the current repository.
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When EOF is received on standard input, fast import writes out
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updated branch and tag refs, fully updating the current repository
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with the newly imported data.
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The fast-import backend itself can import into an empty repository (one that
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has already been initialized by `git-init`) or incrementally
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update an existing populated repository. Whether or not incremental
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imports are supported from a particular foreign source depends on
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the frontend program in use.
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OPTIONS
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-------
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--date-format=<fmt>::
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Specify the type of dates the frontend will supply to
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fast-import within `author`, `committer` and `tagger` commands.
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See ``Date Formats'' below for details about which formats
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are supported, and their syntax.
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--force::
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Force updating modified existing branches, even if doing
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so would cause commits to be lost (as the new commit does
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not contain the old commit).
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--max-pack-size=<n>::
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Maximum size of each output packfile, expressed in MiB.
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The default is 4096 (4 GiB) as that is the maximum allowed
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packfile size (due to file format limitations). Some
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importers may wish to lower this, such as to ensure the
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resulting packfiles fit on CDs.
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--depth=<n>::
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Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification.
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Default is 10.
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--active-branches=<n>::
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Maximum number of branches to maintain active at once.
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See ``Memory Utilization'' below for details. Default is 5.
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--export-marks=<file>::
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Dumps the internal marks table to <file> when complete.
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Marks are written one per line as `:markid SHA-1`.
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Frontends can use this file to validate imports after they
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have been completed, or to save the marks table across
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incremental runs. As <file> is only opened and truncated
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at checkpoint (or completion) the same path can also be
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safely given to \--import-marks.
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--import-marks=<file>::
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Before processing any input, load the marks specified in
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<file>. The input file must exist, must be readable, and
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must use the same format as produced by \--export-marks.
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Multiple options may be supplied to import more than one
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set of marks. If a mark is defined to different values,
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the last file wins.
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--export-pack-edges=<file>::
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After creating a packfile, print a line of data to
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<file> listing the filename of the packfile and the last
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commit on each branch that was written to that packfile.
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This information may be useful after importing projects
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whose total object set exceeds the 4 GiB packfile limit,
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as these commits can be used as edge points during calls
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to `git-pack-objects`.
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--quiet::
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Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it
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is successful. This option disables the output shown by
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\--stats.
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--stats::
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Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has
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created, the packfiles they were stored into, and the
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memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output
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is currently the default, but can be disabled with \--quiet.
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Performance
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-----------
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The design of fast-import allows it to import large projects in a minimum
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amount of memory usage and processing time. Assuming the frontend
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is able to keep up with fast-import and feed it a constant stream of data,
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import times for projects holding 10+ years of history and containing
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100,000+ individual commits are generally completed in just 1-2
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hours on quite modest (~$2,000 USD) hardware.
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Most bottlenecks appear to be in foreign source data access (the
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source just cannot extract revisions fast enough) or disk IO (fast-import
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writes as fast as the disk will take the data). Imports will run
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faster if the source data is stored on a different drive than the
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destination Git repository (due to less IO contention).
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Development Cost
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----------------
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A typical frontend for fast-import tends to weigh in at approximately 200
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lines of Perl/Python/Ruby code. Most developers have been able to
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create working importers in just a couple of hours, even though it
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is their first exposure to fast-import, and sometimes even to Git. This is
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an ideal situation, given that most conversion tools are throw-away
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(use once, and never look back).
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Parallel Operation
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------------------
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Like `git-push` or `git-fetch`, imports handled by fast-import are safe to
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run alongside parallel `git repack -a -d` or `git gc` invocations,
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or any other Git operation (including `git-prune`, as loose objects
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are never used by fast-import).
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fast-import does not lock the branch or tag refs it is actively importing.
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After the import, during its ref update phase, fast-import tests each
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existing branch ref to verify the update will be a fast-forward
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update (the commit stored in the ref is contained in the new
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history of the commit to be written). If the update is not a
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fast-forward update, fast-import will skip updating that ref and instead
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prints a warning message. fast-import will always attempt to update all
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branch refs, and does not stop on the first failure.
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Branch updates can be forced with \--force, but its recommended that
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this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository. Using \--force
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is not necessary for an initial import into an empty repository.
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Technical Discussion
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--------------------
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fast-import tracks a set of branches in memory. Any branch can be created
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or modified at any point during the import process by sending a
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`commit` command on the input stream. This design allows a frontend
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program to process an unlimited number of branches simultaneously,
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generating commits in the order they are available from the source
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data. It also simplifies the frontend programs considerably.
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fast-import does not use or alter the current working directory, or any
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file within it. (It does however update the current Git repository,
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as referenced by `GIT_DIR`.) Therefore an import frontend may use
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the working directory for its own purposes, such as extracting file
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revisions from the foreign source. This ignorance of the working
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directory also allows fast-import to run very quickly, as it does not
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need to perform any costly file update operations when switching
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between branches.
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Input Format
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------------
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With the exception of raw file data (which Git does not interpret)
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the fast-import input format is text (ASCII) based. This text based
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format simplifies development and debugging of frontend programs,
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especially when a higher level language such as Perl, Python or
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Ruby is being used.
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fast-import is very strict about its input. Where we say SP below we mean
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*exactly* one space. Likewise LF means one (and only one) linefeed.
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Supplying additional whitespace characters will cause unexpected
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results, such as branch names or file names with leading or trailing
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spaces in their name, or early termination of fast-import when it encounters
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unexpected input.
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Stream Comments
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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To aid in debugging frontends fast-import ignores any line that
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begins with `#` (ASCII pound/hash) up to and including the line
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ending `LF`. A comment line may contain any sequence of bytes
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that does not contain an LF and therefore may be used to include
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any detailed debugging information that might be specific to the
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frontend and useful when inspecting a fast-import data stream.
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Date Formats
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The following date formats are supported. A frontend should select
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the format it will use for this import by passing the format name
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in the \--date-format=<fmt> command line option.
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`raw`::
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This is the Git native format and is `<time> SP <offutc>`.
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It is also fast-import's default format, if \--date-format was
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not specified.
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+
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The time of the event is specified by `<time>` as the number of
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seconds since the UNIX epoch (midnight, Jan 1, 1970, UTC) and is
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written as an ASCII decimal integer.
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+
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The local offset is specified by `<offutc>` as a positive or negative
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offset from UTC. For example EST (which is 5 hours behind UTC)
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would be expressed in `<tz>` by ``-0500'' while UTC is ``+0000''.
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The local offset does not affect `<time>`; it is used only as an
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advisement to help formatting routines display the timestamp.
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+
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If the local offset is not available in the source material, use
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``+0000'', or the most common local offset. For example many
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organizations have a CVS repository which has only ever been accessed
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by users who are located in the same location and timezone. In this
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case a reasonable offset from UTC could be assumed.
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+
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Unlike the `rfc2822` format, this format is very strict. Any
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variation in formatting will cause fast-import to reject the value.
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`rfc2822`::
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This is the standard email format as described by RFC 2822.
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+
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An example value is ``Tue Feb 6 11:22:18 2007 -0500''. The Git
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parser is accurate, but a little on the lenient side. It is the
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same parser used by `git-am` when applying patches
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received from email.
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+
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Some malformed strings may be accepted as valid dates. In some of
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these cases Git will still be able to obtain the correct date from
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the malformed string. There are also some types of malformed
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strings which Git will parse wrong, and yet consider valid.
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Seriously malformed strings will be rejected.
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+
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Unlike the `raw` format above, the timezone/UTC offset information
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contained in an RFC 2822 date string is used to adjust the date
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value to UTC prior to storage. Therefore it is important that
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this information be as accurate as possible.
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+
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If the source material uses RFC 2822 style dates,
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the frontend should let fast-import handle the parsing and conversion
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(rather than attempting to do it itself) as the Git parser has
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been well tested in the wild.
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+
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Frontends should prefer the `raw` format if the source material
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already uses UNIX-epoch format, can be coaxed to give dates in that
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format, or its format is easily convertible to it, as there is no
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ambiguity in parsing.
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`now`::
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Always use the current time and timezone. The literal
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`now` must always be supplied for `<when>`.
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+
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This is a toy format. The current time and timezone of this system
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is always copied into the identity string at the time it is being
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created by fast-import. There is no way to specify a different time or
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timezone.
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+
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This particular format is supplied as its short to implement and
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may be useful to a process that wants to create a new commit
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right now, without needing to use a working directory or
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`git-update-index`.
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+
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If separate `author` and `committer` commands are used in a `commit`
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the timestamps may not match, as the system clock will be polled
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twice (once for each command). The only way to ensure that both
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author and committer identity information has the same timestamp
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is to omit `author` (thus copying from `committer`) or to use a
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date format other than `now`.
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Commands
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~~~~~~~~
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fast-import accepts several commands to update the current repository
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and control the current import process. More detailed discussion
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(with examples) of each command follows later.
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`commit`::
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Creates a new branch or updates an existing branch by
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creating a new commit and updating the branch to point at
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the newly created commit.
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`tag`::
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Creates an annotated tag object from an existing commit or
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branch. Lightweight tags are not supported by this command,
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as they are not recommended for recording meaningful points
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in time.
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`reset`::
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Reset an existing branch (or a new branch) to a specific
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revision. This command must be used to change a branch to
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a specific revision without making a commit on it.
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`blob`::
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Convert raw file data into a blob, for future use in a
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`commit` command. This command is optional and is not
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needed to perform an import.
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`checkpoint`::
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Forces fast-import to close the current packfile, generate its
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unique SHA-1 checksum and index, and start a new packfile.
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This command is optional and is not needed to perform
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an import.
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`progress`::
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Causes fast-import to echo the entire line to its own
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standard output. This command is optional and is not needed
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to perform an import.
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`commit`
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~~~~~~~~
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Create or update a branch with a new commit, recording one logical
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change to the project.
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....
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'commit' SP <ref> LF
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mark?
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('author' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)?
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'committer' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF
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data
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('from' SP <committish> LF)?
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('merge' SP <committish> LF)?
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(filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall)*
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LF?
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....
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where `<ref>` is the name of the branch to make the commit on.
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Typically branch names are prefixed with `refs/heads/` in
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Git, so importing the CVS branch symbol `RELENG-1_0` would use
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`refs/heads/RELENG-1_0` for the value of `<ref>`. The value of
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`<ref>` must be a valid refname in Git. As `LF` is not valid in
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a Git refname, no quoting or escaping syntax is supported here.
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A `mark` command may optionally appear, requesting fast-import to save a
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reference to the newly created commit for future use by the frontend
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(see below for format). It is very common for frontends to mark
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every commit they create, thereby allowing future branch creation
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from any imported commit.
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The `data` command following `committer` must supply the commit
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message (see below for `data` command syntax). To import an empty
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commit message use a 0 length data. Commit messages are free-form
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and are not interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in
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UTF-8, as fast-import does not permit other encodings to be specified.
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Zero or more `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename`
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and `filedeleteall` commands
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may be included to update the contents of the branch prior to
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creating the commit. These commands may be supplied in any order.
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However it is recommended that a `filedeleteall` command precede
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all `filemodify`, `filecopy` and `filerename` commands in the same
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commit, as `filedeleteall`
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wipes the branch clean (see below).
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The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required).
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`author`
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^^^^^^^^
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An `author` command may optionally appear, if the author information
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might differ from the committer information. If `author` is omitted
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then fast-import will automatically use the committer's information for
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the author portion of the commit. See below for a description of
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the fields in `author`, as they are identical to `committer`.
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`committer`
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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The `committer` command indicates who made this commit, and when
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they made it.
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Here `<name>` is the person's display name (for example
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``Com M Itter'') and `<email>` is the person's email address
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(``cm@example.com''). `LT` and `GT` are the literal less-than (\x3c)
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and greater-than (\x3e) symbols. These are required to delimit
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the email address from the other fields in the line. Note that
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`<name>` is free-form and may contain any sequence of bytes, except
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`LT` and `LF`. It is typically UTF-8 encoded.
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The time of the change is specified by `<when>` using the date format
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that was selected by the \--date-format=<fmt> command line option.
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See ``Date Formats'' above for the set of supported formats, and
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their syntax.
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`from`
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^^^^^^
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The `from` command is used to specify the commit to initialize
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this branch from. This revision will be the first ancestor of the
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new commit.
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Omitting the `from` command in the first commit of a new branch
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will cause fast-import to create that commit with no ancestor. This
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tends to be desired only for the initial commit of a project.
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If the frontend creates all files from scratch when making a new
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branch, a `merge` command may be used instead of `from` to start
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the commit with an empty tree.
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Omitting the `from` command on existing branches is usually desired,
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as the current commit on that branch is automatically assumed to
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be the first ancestor of the new commit.
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As `LF` is not valid in a Git refname or SHA-1 expression, no
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quoting or escaping syntax is supported within `<committish>`.
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Here `<committish>` is any of the following:
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* The name of an existing branch already in fast-import's internal branch
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table. If fast-import doesn't know the name, its treated as a SHA-1
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expression.
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* A mark reference, `:<idnum>`, where `<idnum>` is the mark number.
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+
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The reason fast-import uses `:` to denote a mark reference is this character
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is not legal in a Git branch name. The leading `:` makes it easy
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to distinguish between the mark 42 (`:42`) and the branch 42 (`42`
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or `refs/heads/42`), or an abbreviated SHA-1 which happened to
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consist only of base-10 digits.
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+
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Marks must be declared (via `mark`) before they can be used.
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* A complete 40 byte or abbreviated commit SHA-1 in hex.
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* Any valid Git SHA-1 expression that resolves to a commit. See
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``SPECIFYING REVISIONS'' in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] for details.
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The special case of restarting an incremental import from the
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current branch value should be written as:
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----
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from refs/heads/branch^0
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----
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The `{caret}0` suffix is necessary as fast-import does not permit a branch to
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start from itself, and the branch is created in memory before the
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`from` command is even read from the input. Adding `{caret}0` will force
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fast-import to resolve the commit through Git's revision parsing library,
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rather than its internal branch table, thereby loading in the
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existing value of the branch.
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`merge`
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^^^^^^^
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Includes one additional ancestor commit. If the `from` command is
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omitted when creating a new branch, the first `merge` commit will be
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the first ancestor of the current commit, and the branch will start
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out with no files. An unlimited number of `merge` commands per
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commit are permitted by fast-import, thereby establishing an n-way merge.
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However Git's other tools never create commits with more than 15
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additional ancestors (forming a 16-way merge). For this reason
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it is suggested that frontends do not use more than 15 `merge`
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commands per commit; 16, if starting a new, empty branch.
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Here `<committish>` is any of the commit specification expressions
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also accepted by `from` (see above).
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`filemodify`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Included in a `commit` command to add a new file or change the
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content of an existing file. This command has two different means
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of specifying the content of the file.
|
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External data format::
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The data content for the file was already supplied by a prior
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`blob` command. The frontend just needs to connect it.
|
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+
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....
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'M' SP <mode> SP <dataref> SP <path> LF
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....
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+
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Here `<dataref>` can be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`)
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set by a prior `blob` command, or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of an
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existing Git blob object.
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Inline data format::
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The data content for the file has not been supplied yet.
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The frontend wants to supply it as part of this modify
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command.
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+
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....
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'M' SP <mode> SP 'inline' SP <path> LF
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data
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....
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+
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See below for a detailed description of the `data` command.
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In both formats `<mode>` is the type of file entry, specified
|
|
in octal. Git only supports the following modes:
|
|
|
|
* `100644` or `644`: A normal (not-executable) file. The majority
|
|
of files in most projects use this mode. If in doubt, this is
|
|
what you want.
|
|
* `100755` or `755`: A normal, but executable, file.
|
|
* `120000`: A symlink, the content of the file will be the link target.
|
|
|
|
In both formats `<path>` is the complete path of the file to be added
|
|
(if not already existing) or modified (if already existing).
|
|
|
|
A `<path>` string must use UNIX-style directory separators (forward
|
|
slash `/`), may contain any byte other than `LF`, and must not
|
|
start with double quote (`"`).
|
|
|
|
If an `LF` or double quote must be encoded into `<path>` shell-style
|
|
quoting should be used, e.g. `"path/with\n and \" in it"`.
|
|
|
|
The value of `<path>` must be in canonical form. That is it must not:
|
|
|
|
* contain an empty directory component (e.g. `foo//bar` is invalid),
|
|
* end with a directory separator (e.g. `foo/` is invalid),
|
|
* start with a directory separator (e.g. `/foo` is invalid),
|
|
* contain the special component `.` or `..` (e.g. `foo/./bar` and
|
|
`foo/../bar` are invalid).
|
|
|
|
It is recommended that `<path>` always be encoded using UTF-8.
|
|
|
|
`filedelete`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
Included in a `commit` command to remove a file or recursively
|
|
delete an entire directory from the branch. If the file or directory
|
|
removal makes its parent directory empty, the parent directory will
|
|
be automatically removed too. This cascades up the tree until the
|
|
first non-empty directory or the root is reached.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'D' SP <path> LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
here `<path>` is the complete path of the file or subdirectory to
|
|
be removed from the branch.
|
|
See `filemodify` above for a detailed description of `<path>`.
|
|
|
|
`filecopy`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
Recursively copies an existing file or subdirectory to a different
|
|
location within the branch. The existing file or directory must
|
|
exist. If the destination exists it will be completely replaced
|
|
by the content copied from the source.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'C' SP <path> SP <path> LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
here the first `<path>` is the source location and the second
|
|
`<path>` is the destination. See `filemodify` above for a detailed
|
|
description of what `<path>` may look like. To use a source path
|
|
that contains SP the path must be quoted.
|
|
|
|
A `filecopy` command takes effect immediately. Once the source
|
|
location has been copied to the destination any future commands
|
|
applied to the source location will not impact the destination of
|
|
the copy.
|
|
|
|
`filerename`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
Renames an existing file or subdirectory to a different location
|
|
within the branch. The existing file or directory must exist. If
|
|
the destination exists it will be replaced by the source directory.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'R' SP <path> SP <path> LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
here the first `<path>` is the source location and the second
|
|
`<path>` is the destination. See `filemodify` above for a detailed
|
|
description of what `<path>` may look like. To use a source path
|
|
that contains SP the path must be quoted.
|
|
|
|
A `filerename` command takes effect immediately. Once the source
|
|
location has been renamed to the destination any future commands
|
|
applied to the source location will create new files there and not
|
|
impact the destination of the rename.
|
|
|
|
Note that a `filerename` is the same as a `filecopy` followed by a
|
|
`filedelete` of the source location. There is a slight performance
|
|
advantage to using `filerename`, but the advantage is so small
|
|
that it is never worth trying to convert a delete/add pair in
|
|
source material into a rename for fast-import. This `filerename`
|
|
command is provided just to simplify frontends that already have
|
|
rename information and don't want bother with decomposing it into a
|
|
`filecopy` followed by a `filedelete`.
|
|
|
|
`filedeleteall`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
Included in a `commit` command to remove all files (and also all
|
|
directories) from the branch. This command resets the internal
|
|
branch structure to have no files in it, allowing the frontend
|
|
to subsequently add all interesting files from scratch.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'deleteall' LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
This command is extremely useful if the frontend does not know
|
|
(or does not care to know) what files are currently on the branch,
|
|
and therefore cannot generate the proper `filedelete` commands to
|
|
update the content.
|
|
|
|
Issuing a `filedeleteall` followed by the needed `filemodify`
|
|
commands to set the correct content will produce the same results
|
|
as sending only the needed `filemodify` and `filedelete` commands.
|
|
The `filedeleteall` approach may however require fast-import to use slightly
|
|
more memory per active branch (less than 1 MiB for even most large
|
|
projects); so frontends that can easily obtain only the affected
|
|
paths for a commit are encouraged to do so.
|
|
|
|
`mark`
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
Arranges for fast-import to save a reference to the current object, allowing
|
|
the frontend to recall this object at a future point in time, without
|
|
knowing its SHA-1. Here the current object is the object creation
|
|
command the `mark` command appears within. This can be `commit`,
|
|
`tag`, and `blob`, but `commit` is the most common usage.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'mark' SP ':' <idnum> LF
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
where `<idnum>` is the number assigned by the frontend to this mark.
|
|
The value of `<idnum>` is expressed as an ASCII decimal integer.
|
|
The value 0 is reserved and cannot be used as
|
|
a mark. Only values greater than or equal to 1 may be used as marks.
|
|
|
|
New marks are created automatically. Existing marks can be moved
|
|
to another object simply by reusing the same `<idnum>` in another
|
|
`mark` command.
|
|
|
|
`tag`
|
|
~~~~~
|
|
Creates an annotated tag referring to a specific commit. To create
|
|
lightweight (non-annotated) tags see the `reset` command below.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'tag' SP <name> LF
|
|
'from' SP <committish> LF
|
|
'tagger' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF
|
|
data
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
where `<name>` is the name of the tag to create.
|
|
|
|
Tag names are automatically prefixed with `refs/tags/` when stored
|
|
in Git, so importing the CVS branch symbol `RELENG-1_0-FINAL` would
|
|
use just `RELENG-1_0-FINAL` for `<name>`, and fast-import will write the
|
|
corresponding ref as `refs/tags/RELENG-1_0-FINAL`.
|
|
|
|
The value of `<name>` must be a valid refname in Git and therefore
|
|
may contain forward slashes. As `LF` is not valid in a Git refname,
|
|
no quoting or escaping syntax is supported here.
|
|
|
|
The `from` command is the same as in the `commit` command; see
|
|
above for details.
|
|
|
|
The `tagger` command uses the same format as `committer` within
|
|
`commit`; again see above for details.
|
|
|
|
The `data` command following `tagger` must supply the annotated tag
|
|
message (see below for `data` command syntax). To import an empty
|
|
tag message use a 0 length data. Tag messages are free-form and are
|
|
not interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in UTF-8,
|
|
as fast-import does not permit other encodings to be specified.
|
|
|
|
Signing annotated tags during import from within fast-import is not
|
|
supported. Trying to include your own PGP/GPG signature is not
|
|
recommended, as the frontend does not (easily) have access to the
|
|
complete set of bytes which normally goes into such a signature.
|
|
If signing is required, create lightweight tags from within fast-import with
|
|
`reset`, then create the annotated versions of those tags offline
|
|
with the standard `git-tag` process.
|
|
|
|
`reset`
|
|
~~~~~~~
|
|
Creates (or recreates) the named branch, optionally starting from
|
|
a specific revision. The reset command allows a frontend to issue
|
|
a new `from` command for an existing branch, or to create a new
|
|
branch from an existing commit without creating a new commit.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'reset' SP <ref> LF
|
|
('from' SP <committish> LF)?
|
|
LF?
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
For a detailed description of `<ref>` and `<committish>` see above
|
|
under `commit` and `from`.
|
|
|
|
The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required).
|
|
|
|
The `reset` command can also be used to create lightweight
|
|
(non-annotated) tags. For example:
|
|
|
|
====
|
|
reset refs/tags/938
|
|
from :938
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
would create the lightweight tag `refs/tags/938` referring to
|
|
whatever commit mark `:938` references.
|
|
|
|
`blob`
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
Requests writing one file revision to the packfile. The revision
|
|
is not connected to any commit; this connection must be formed in
|
|
a subsequent `commit` command by referencing the blob through an
|
|
assigned mark.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'blob' LF
|
|
mark?
|
|
data
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
The mark command is optional here as some frontends have chosen
|
|
to generate the Git SHA-1 for the blob on their own, and feed that
|
|
directly to `commit`. This is typically more work than its worth
|
|
however, as marks are inexpensive to store and easy to use.
|
|
|
|
`data`
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
Supplies raw data (for use as blob/file content, commit messages, or
|
|
annotated tag messages) to fast-import. Data can be supplied using an exact
|
|
byte count or delimited with a terminating line. Real frontends
|
|
intended for production-quality conversions should always use the
|
|
exact byte count format, as it is more robust and performs better.
|
|
The delimited format is intended primarily for testing fast-import.
|
|
|
|
Comment lines appearing within the `<raw>` part of `data` commands
|
|
are always taken to be part of the body of the data and are therefore
|
|
never ignored by fast-import. This makes it safe to import any
|
|
file/message content whose lines might start with `#`.
|
|
|
|
Exact byte count format::
|
|
The frontend must specify the number of bytes of data.
|
|
+
|
|
....
|
|
'data' SP <count> LF
|
|
<raw> LF?
|
|
....
|
|
+
|
|
where `<count>` is the exact number of bytes appearing within
|
|
`<raw>`. The value of `<count>` is expressed as an ASCII decimal
|
|
integer. The `LF` on either side of `<raw>` is not
|
|
included in `<count>` and will not be included in the imported data.
|
|
+
|
|
The `LF` after `<raw>` is optional (it used to be required) but
|
|
recommended. Always including it makes debugging a fast-import
|
|
stream easier as the next command always starts in column 0
|
|
of the next line, even if `<raw>` did not end with an `LF`.
|
|
|
|
Delimited format::
|
|
A delimiter string is used to mark the end of the data.
|
|
fast-import will compute the length by searching for the delimiter.
|
|
This format is primarily useful for testing and is not
|
|
recommended for real data.
|
|
+
|
|
....
|
|
'data' SP '<<' <delim> LF
|
|
<raw> LF
|
|
<delim> LF
|
|
LF?
|
|
....
|
|
+
|
|
where `<delim>` is the chosen delimiter string. The string `<delim>`
|
|
must not appear on a line by itself within `<raw>`, as otherwise
|
|
fast-import will think the data ends earlier than it really does. The `LF`
|
|
immediately trailing `<raw>` is part of `<raw>`. This is one of
|
|
the limitations of the delimited format, it is impossible to supply
|
|
a data chunk which does not have an LF as its last byte.
|
|
+
|
|
The `LF` after `<delim> LF` is optional (it used to be required).
|
|
|
|
`checkpoint`
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Forces fast-import to close the current packfile, start a new one, and to
|
|
save out all current branch refs, tags and marks.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'checkpoint' LF
|
|
LF?
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
Note that fast-import automatically switches packfiles when the current
|
|
packfile reaches \--max-pack-size, or 4 GiB, whichever limit is
|
|
smaller. During an automatic packfile switch fast-import does not update
|
|
the branch refs, tags or marks.
|
|
|
|
As a `checkpoint` can require a significant amount of CPU time and
|
|
disk IO (to compute the overall pack SHA-1 checksum, generate the
|
|
corresponding index file, and update the refs) it can easily take
|
|
several minutes for a single `checkpoint` command to complete.
|
|
|
|
Frontends may choose to issue checkpoints during extremely large
|
|
and long running imports, or when they need to allow another Git
|
|
process access to a branch. However given that a 30 GiB Subversion
|
|
repository can be loaded into Git through fast-import in about 3 hours,
|
|
explicit checkpointing may not be necessary.
|
|
|
|
The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required).
|
|
|
|
`progress`
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Causes fast-import to print the entire `progress` line unmodified to
|
|
its standard output channel (file descriptor 1) when the command is
|
|
processed from the input stream. The command otherwise has no impact
|
|
on the current import, or on any of fast-import's internal state.
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
'progress' SP <any> LF
|
|
LF?
|
|
....
|
|
|
|
The `<any>` part of the command may contain any sequence of bytes
|
|
that does not contain `LF`. The `LF` after the command is optional.
|
|
Callers may wish to process the output through a tool such as sed to
|
|
remove the leading part of the line, for example:
|
|
|
|
====
|
|
frontend | git fast-import | sed 's/^progress //'
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
Placing a `progress` command immediately after a `checkpoint` will
|
|
inform the reader when the `checkpoint` has been completed and it
|
|
can safely access the refs that fast-import updated.
|
|
|
|
Crash Reports
|
|
-------------
|
|
If fast-import is supplied invalid input it will terminate with a
|
|
non-zero exit status and create a crash report in the top level of
|
|
the Git repository it was importing into. Crash reports contain
|
|
a snapshot of the internal fast-import state as well as the most
|
|
recent commands that lead up to the crash.
|
|
|
|
All recent commands (including stream comments, file changes and
|
|
progress commands) are shown in the command history within the crash
|
|
report, but raw file data and commit messages are excluded from the
|
|
crash report. This exclusion saves space within the report file
|
|
and reduces the amount of buffering that fast-import must perform
|
|
during execution.
|
|
|
|
After writing a crash report fast-import will close the current
|
|
packfile and export the marks table. This allows the frontend
|
|
developer to inspect the repository state and resume the import from
|
|
the point where it crashed. The modified branches and tags are not
|
|
updated during a crash, as the import did not complete successfully.
|
|
Branch and tag information can be found in the crash report and
|
|
must be applied manually if the update is needed.
|
|
|
|
An example crash:
|
|
|
|
====
|
|
$ cat >in <<END_OF_INPUT
|
|
# my very first test commit
|
|
commit refs/heads/master
|
|
committer Shawn O. Pearce <spearce> 19283 -0400
|
|
# who is that guy anyway?
|
|
data <<EOF
|
|
this is my commit
|
|
EOF
|
|
M 644 inline .gitignore
|
|
data <<EOF
|
|
.gitignore
|
|
EOF
|
|
M 777 inline bob
|
|
END_OF_INPUT
|
|
|
|
$ git fast-import <in
|
|
fatal: Corrupt mode: M 777 inline bob
|
|
fast-import: dumping crash report to .git/fast_import_crash_8434
|
|
|
|
$ cat .git/fast_import_crash_8434
|
|
fast-import crash report:
|
|
fast-import process: 8434
|
|
parent process : 1391
|
|
at Sat Sep 1 00:58:12 2007
|
|
|
|
fatal: Corrupt mode: M 777 inline bob
|
|
|
|
Most Recent Commands Before Crash
|
|
---------------------------------
|
|
# my very first test commit
|
|
commit refs/heads/master
|
|
committer Shawn O. Pearce <spearce> 19283 -0400
|
|
# who is that guy anyway?
|
|
data <<EOF
|
|
M 644 inline .gitignore
|
|
data <<EOF
|
|
* M 777 inline bob
|
|
|
|
Active Branch LRU
|
|
-----------------
|
|
active_branches = 1 cur, 5 max
|
|
|
|
pos clock name
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
1) 0 refs/heads/master
|
|
|
|
Inactive Branches
|
|
-----------------
|
|
refs/heads/master:
|
|
status : active loaded dirty
|
|
tip commit : 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
old tree : 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
cur tree : 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
commit clock: 0
|
|
last pack :
|
|
|
|
|
|
-------------------
|
|
END OF CRASH REPORT
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
Tips and Tricks
|
|
---------------
|
|
The following tips and tricks have been collected from various
|
|
users of fast-import, and are offered here as suggestions.
|
|
|
|
Use One Mark Per Commit
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
When doing a repository conversion, use a unique mark per commit
|
|
(`mark :<n>`) and supply the \--export-marks option on the command
|
|
line. fast-import will dump a file which lists every mark and the Git
|
|
object SHA-1 that corresponds to it. If the frontend can tie
|
|
the marks back to the source repository, it is easy to verify the
|
|
accuracy and completeness of the import by comparing each Git
|
|
commit to the corresponding source revision.
|
|
|
|
Coming from a system such as Perforce or Subversion this should be
|
|
quite simple, as the fast-import mark can also be the Perforce changeset
|
|
number or the Subversion revision number.
|
|
|
|
Freely Skip Around Branches
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Don't bother trying to optimize the frontend to stick to one branch
|
|
at a time during an import. Although doing so might be slightly
|
|
faster for fast-import, it tends to increase the complexity of the frontend
|
|
code considerably.
|
|
|
|
The branch LRU builtin to fast-import tends to behave very well, and the
|
|
cost of activating an inactive branch is so low that bouncing around
|
|
between branches has virtually no impact on import performance.
|
|
|
|
Handling Renames
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
When importing a renamed file or directory, simply delete the old
|
|
name(s) and modify the new name(s) during the corresponding commit.
|
|
Git performs rename detection after-the-fact, rather than explicitly
|
|
during a commit.
|
|
|
|
Use Tag Fixup Branches
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Some other SCM systems let the user create a tag from multiple
|
|
files which are not from the same commit/changeset. Or to create
|
|
tags which are a subset of the files available in the repository.
|
|
|
|
Importing these tags as-is in Git is impossible without making at
|
|
least one commit which ``fixes up'' the files to match the content
|
|
of the tag. Use fast-import's `reset` command to reset a dummy branch
|
|
outside of your normal branch space to the base commit for the tag,
|
|
then commit one or more file fixup commits, and finally tag the
|
|
dummy branch.
|
|
|
|
For example since all normal branches are stored under `refs/heads/`
|
|
name the tag fixup branch `TAG_FIXUP`. This way it is impossible for
|
|
the fixup branch used by the importer to have namespace conflicts
|
|
with real branches imported from the source (the name `TAG_FIXUP`
|
|
is not `refs/heads/TAG_FIXUP`).
|
|
|
|
When committing fixups, consider using `merge` to connect the
|
|
commit(s) which are supplying file revisions to the fixup branch.
|
|
Doing so will allow tools such as `git-blame` to track
|
|
through the real commit history and properly annotate the source
|
|
files.
|
|
|
|
After fast-import terminates the frontend will need to do `rm .git/TAG_FIXUP`
|
|
to remove the dummy branch.
|
|
|
|
Import Now, Repack Later
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
As soon as fast-import completes the Git repository is completely valid
|
|
and ready for use. Typically this takes only a very short time,
|
|
even for considerably large projects (100,000+ commits).
|
|
|
|
However repacking the repository is necessary to improve data
|
|
locality and access performance. It can also take hours on extremely
|
|
large projects (especially if -f and a large \--window parameter is
|
|
used). Since repacking is safe to run alongside readers and writers,
|
|
run the repack in the background and let it finish when it finishes.
|
|
There is no reason to wait to explore your new Git project!
|
|
|
|
If you choose to wait for the repack, don't try to run benchmarks
|
|
or performance tests until repacking is completed. fast-import outputs
|
|
suboptimal packfiles that are simply never seen in real use
|
|
situations.
|
|
|
|
Repacking Historical Data
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
If you are repacking very old imported data (e.g. older than the
|
|
last year), consider expending some extra CPU time and supplying
|
|
\--window=50 (or higher) when you run `git-repack`.
|
|
This will take longer, but will also produce a smaller packfile.
|
|
You only need to expend the effort once, and everyone using your
|
|
project will benefit from the smaller repository.
|
|
|
|
Include Some Progress Messages
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Every once in a while have your frontend emit a `progress` message
|
|
to fast-import. The contents of the messages are entirely free-form,
|
|
so one suggestion would be to output the current month and year
|
|
each time the current commit date moves into the next month.
|
|
Your users will feel better knowing how much of the data stream
|
|
has been processed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Packfile Optimization
|
|
---------------------
|
|
When packing a blob fast-import always attempts to deltify against the last
|
|
blob written. Unless specifically arranged for by the frontend,
|
|
this will probably not be a prior version of the same file, so the
|
|
generated delta will not be the smallest possible. The resulting
|
|
packfile will be compressed, but will not be optimal.
|
|
|
|
Frontends which have efficient access to all revisions of a
|
|
single file (for example reading an RCS/CVS ,v file) can choose
|
|
to supply all revisions of that file as a sequence of consecutive
|
|
`blob` commands. This allows fast-import to deltify the different file
|
|
revisions against each other, saving space in the final packfile.
|
|
Marks can be used to later identify individual file revisions during
|
|
a sequence of `commit` commands.
|
|
|
|
The packfile(s) created by fast-import do not encourage good disk access
|
|
patterns. This is caused by fast-import writing the data in the order
|
|
it is received on standard input, while Git typically organizes
|
|
data within packfiles to make the most recent (current tip) data
|
|
appear before historical data. Git also clusters commits together,
|
|
speeding up revision traversal through better cache locality.
|
|
|
|
For this reason it is strongly recommended that users repack the
|
|
repository with `git repack -a -d` after fast-import completes, allowing
|
|
Git to reorganize the packfiles for faster data access. If blob
|
|
deltas are suboptimal (see above) then also adding the `-f` option
|
|
to force recomputation of all deltas can significantly reduce the
|
|
final packfile size (30-50% smaller can be quite typical).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Memory Utilization
|
|
------------------
|
|
There are a number of factors which affect how much memory fast-import
|
|
requires to perform an import. Like critical sections of core
|
|
Git, fast-import uses its own memory allocators to amortize any overheads
|
|
associated with malloc. In practice fast-import tends to amortize any
|
|
malloc overheads to 0, due to its use of large block allocations.
|
|
|
|
per object
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
fast-import maintains an in-memory structure for every object written in
|
|
this execution. On a 32 bit system the structure is 32 bytes,
|
|
on a 64 bit system the structure is 40 bytes (due to the larger
|
|
pointer sizes). Objects in the table are not deallocated until
|
|
fast-import terminates. Importing 2 million objects on a 32 bit system
|
|
will require approximately 64 MiB of memory.
|
|
|
|
The object table is actually a hashtable keyed on the object name
|
|
(the unique SHA-1). This storage configuration allows fast-import to reuse
|
|
an existing or already written object and avoid writing duplicates
|
|
to the output packfile. Duplicate blobs are surprisingly common
|
|
in an import, typically due to branch merges in the source.
|
|
|
|
per mark
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
Marks are stored in a sparse array, using 1 pointer (4 bytes or 8
|
|
bytes, depending on pointer size) per mark. Although the array
|
|
is sparse, frontends are still strongly encouraged to use marks
|
|
between 1 and n, where n is the total number of marks required for
|
|
this import.
|
|
|
|
per branch
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Branches are classified as active and inactive. The memory usage
|
|
of the two classes is significantly different.
|
|
|
|
Inactive branches are stored in a structure which uses 96 or 120
|
|
bytes (32 bit or 64 bit systems, respectively), plus the length of
|
|
the branch name (typically under 200 bytes), per branch. fast-import will
|
|
easily handle as many as 10,000 inactive branches in under 2 MiB
|
|
of memory.
|
|
|
|
Active branches have the same overhead as inactive branches, but
|
|
also contain copies of every tree that has been recently modified on
|
|
that branch. If subtree `include` has not been modified since the
|
|
branch became active, its contents will not be loaded into memory,
|
|
but if subtree `src` has been modified by a commit since the branch
|
|
became active, then its contents will be loaded in memory.
|
|
|
|
As active branches store metadata about the files contained on that
|
|
branch, their in-memory storage size can grow to a considerable size
|
|
(see below).
|
|
|
|
fast-import automatically moves active branches to inactive status based on
|
|
a simple least-recently-used algorithm. The LRU chain is updated on
|
|
each `commit` command. The maximum number of active branches can be
|
|
increased or decreased on the command line with \--active-branches=.
|
|
|
|
per active tree
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Trees (aka directories) use just 12 bytes of memory on top of the
|
|
memory required for their entries (see ``per active file'' below).
|
|
The cost of a tree is virtually 0, as its overhead amortizes out
|
|
over the individual file entries.
|
|
|
|
per active file entry
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Files (and pointers to subtrees) within active trees require 52 or 64
|
|
bytes (32/64 bit platforms) per entry. To conserve space, file and
|
|
tree names are pooled in a common string table, allowing the filename
|
|
``Makefile'' to use just 16 bytes (after including the string header
|
|
overhead) no matter how many times it occurs within the project.
|
|
|
|
The active branch LRU, when coupled with the filename string pool
|
|
and lazy loading of subtrees, allows fast-import to efficiently import
|
|
projects with 2,000+ branches and 45,114+ files in a very limited
|
|
memory footprint (less than 2.7 MiB per active branch).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author
|
|
------
|
|
Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>.
|
|
|
|
Documentation
|
|
--------------
|
|
Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>.
|
|
|
|
GIT
|
|
---
|
|
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
|