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René Scharfe afc72b5d3a mergesort: use ranks stack 
The bottom-up mergesort implementation needs to skip through sublists a
lot.  A recursive version could avoid that, but would require log2(n)
stack frames.  Explicitly manage a stack of sorted sublists of various
lengths instead to avoid fast-forwarding while also keeping a lid on
memory usage.

While this patch was developed independently, a ranks stack is also used
in https://github.com/mono/mono/blob/master/mono/eglib/sort.frag.h by
the Mono project.

The idea is to keep slots for log2(n_max) sorted sublists, one for each
power of 2.  Such a construct can accommodate lists of any length up to
n_max.  Since there is a known maximum number of items (effectively
SIZE_MAX), we can preallocate the whole rank stack.

We add items one by one, which is akin to incrementing a binary number.
Make use of that by keeping track of the number of items and check bits
in it instead of checking for NULL in the rank stack when checking if a
sublist of a certain rank exists, in order to avoid memory accesses.

The first item can go into the empty first slot as a sublist of length
2^0.  The second one needs to be merged with the previous sublist and
the result goes into the empty second slot as a sublist of length 2^1.
The third one goes into vacated first slot and so on.  At the end we
merge all the sublists to get the result.

The new version still performs a stable sort by making sure to put items
seen earlier first when the compare function indicates equality.  That's
done by preferring items from sublists with a higher rank.

The new merge function also tries to minimize the number of operations.
Like blame.c::blame_merge(), the function doesn't set the next pointer
if it already points to the right item, and it exits when it reaches the
end of one of the two sublists that it's given.  The old code couldn't
do the latter because it kept all items in a single list.

The number of comparisons stays the same, though.  Here's example output
of "test-tool mergesort test" for the rand distributions with the most
number of comparisons with the ranks stack:

   $ t/helper/test-tool mergesort test | awk '
       NR > 1 && $1 != "rand" {next}
       $7 > max[$3] {max[$3] = $7; line[$3] = $0}
       END {for (n in line) print line[n]}
   '

distribut mode                    n        m get_next set_next  compare verdict
rand      copy                  100       32      669      420      569 OK
rand      dither               1023       64     9997     5396     8974 OK
rand      dither               1024      512    10007     6159     8983 OK
rand      dither               1025      256    10993     5988     9968 OK

Here are the differences to the results without this patch:

distribut mode                    n        m get_next set_next  compare
rand      copy                  100       32     -515     -280        0
rand      dither               1023       64    -6376    -4834        0
rand      dither               1024      512    -6377    -4081        0
rand      dither               1025      256    -7461    -5287        0

The numbers of get_next and set_next calls are reduced significantly.

NB: These winners are different than the ones shown in the patch that
introduced the unriffle mode because the addition of the unriffle_skewed
mode in between changed the consumption of rand() values.

Here are the distributions with the most comparisons overall with the
ranks stack:

   $ t/helper/test-tool mergesort test | awk '
       $7 > max[$3] {max[$3] = $7; line[$3] = $0}
       END {for (n in line) print line[n]}
   '

distribut mode                    n        m get_next set_next  compare verdict
sawtooth  unriffle_skewed       100      128      689      632      589 OK
sawtooth  unriffle_skewed      1023     1024    10230    10220     9207 OK
sawtooth  unriffle             1024     1024    10241    10240     9217 OK
sawtooth  unriffle_skewed      1025     2048    11266    10242    10241 OK

And here the differences to before:

distribut mode                    n        m get_next set_next  compare
sawtooth  unriffle_skewed       100      128     -495      -68        0
sawtooth  unriffle_skewed      1023     1024    -6143      -10        0
sawtooth  unriffle             1024     1024    -6143        0        0
sawtooth  unriffle_skewed      1025     2048    -7188    -1033        0

We get a similar reduction of get_next calls here, but only a slight
reduction of set_next calls, if at all.

And here are the results of p0071-sort.sh before:

0071.12: llist_mergesort() unsorted    0.36(0.33+0.01)
0071.14: llist_mergesort() sorted      0.15(0.13+0.01)
0071.16: llist_mergesort() reversed    0.16(0.14+0.01)

... and here the ones with this patch:

0071.12: llist_mergesort() unsorted    0.24(0.22+0.01)
0071.14: llist_mergesort() sorted      0.12(0.10+0.01)
0071.16: llist_mergesort() reversed    0.12(0.10+0.01)

NB: We can't use t/perf/run to compare revisions in one run because it
uses the test-tool from the worktree, not from the revisions being
tested.

Signed-off-by: René Scharfe <l.s.r@web.de>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
2021-10-01 12:43:09 -07:00
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git.rc
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ll-merge.h
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lockfile.h lockfile.c: introduce 'hold_lock_file_for_update_mode' 2020-04-27 11:27:36 -07:00
log-tree.c format-patch: make output filename configurable 2020-11-09 17:44:41 -08:00
log-tree.h format-patch: make output filename configurable 2020-11-09 17:44:41 -08:00
ls-refs.c strvec: rename struct fields 2020-07-30 19:18:06 -07:00
ls-refs.h argv-array: rename to strvec 2020-07-28 15:02:17 -07:00
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mailinfo.h
mailmap.c
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merge-blobs.c
merge-blobs.h
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merge-recursive.c hashmap: provide deallocation function names 2020-11-02 12:15:50 -08:00
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merge.c dir: fix problematic API to avoid memory leaks 2020-08-18 17:17:31 -07:00
mergesort.c mergesort: use ranks stack 2021-10-01 12:43:09 -07:00
mergesort.h
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notes-utils.h
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oid-array.c oid-array: provide a for-loop iterator 2020-12-07 12:32:04 -08:00
oid-array.h oid-array: provide a for-loop iterator 2020-12-07 12:32:04 -08:00
oidmap.c hashmap: provide deallocation function names 2020-11-02 12:15:50 -08:00
oidmap.h
oidset.c blame: silently ignore invalid ignore file objects 2020-11-10 13:05:06 -08:00
oidset.h blame: validate and peel the object names on the ignore list 2020-09-24 22:20:58 -07:00
pack-bitmap-write.c pack-bitmap-write: use hashwrite_be32() in write_hash_cache() 2020-09-06 13:40:41 -07:00
pack-bitmap.c pack-bitmap: pass object filter to fill-in traversal 2020-05-04 21:57:58 -07:00
pack-bitmap.h Merge branch 'jk/object-filter-with-bitmap' 2020-03-02 15:07:18 -08:00
pack-check.c fsck: correctly compute checksums on idx files larger than 4GB 2020-11-16 13:41:35 -08:00
pack-objects.c pack-objects: convert oe_set_delta_ext() to use object_id 2020-02-24 12:55:52 -08:00
pack-objects.h pack-objects: convert oe_set_delta_ext() to use object_id 2020-02-24 12:55:52 -08:00
pack-revindex.c compute pack .idx byte offsets using size_t 2020-11-16 13:41:35 -08:00
pack-revindex.h
pack-write.c Merge branch 'rs/hashwrite-be64' 2020-11-25 15:24:52 -08:00
pack.h
packfile.c Merge branch 'tb/idx-midx-race-fix' 2020-12-08 15:11:18 -08:00
packfile.h midx: traverse the local MIDX first 2020-08-28 14:07:09 -07:00
pager.c strvec: convert remaining callers away from argv_array name 2020-07-28 15:02:18 -07:00
parse-options-cb.c assert PARSE_OPT_NONEG in parse-options callbacks 2020-09-30 12:53:47 -07:00
parse-options.c parse-options: add --git-completion-helper-all 2020-08-19 17:46:17 -07:00
parse-options.h parse-options: format argh like error messages 2021-01-06 15:10:27 -08:00
patch-delta.c
patch-ids.c Merge branch 'jk/log-cherry-pick-duplicate-patches' into maint 2021-02-05 16:31:28 -08:00
patch-ids.h patch-ids: handle duplicate hashmap entries 2021-01-12 11:13:32 -08:00
path.c sequencer: treat REVERT_HEAD as a pseudo ref 2020-08-21 11:20:11 -07:00
path.h sequencer: treat REVERT_HEAD as a pseudo ref 2020-08-21 11:20:11 -07:00
pathspec.c strvec: rename struct fields 2020-07-30 19:18:06 -07:00
pathspec.h
pkt-line.c sideband: diagnose more sideband anomalies 2020-10-29 09:23:29 -07:00
pkt-line.h Merge branch 'bc/sha-256-part-2' 2020-07-06 22:09:13 -07:00
preload-index.c
pretty.c pretty: refactor format_sanitized_subject() 2020-08-28 13:52:51 -07:00
pretty.h pretty: refactor format_sanitized_subject() 2020-08-28 13:52:51 -07:00
prio-queue.c
prio-queue.h
progress.c Merge branch 'ma/stop-progress-null-fix' 2020-08-17 17:02:48 -07:00
progress.h progress.c: silence cgcc suggestion about internal linkage 2020-04-27 11:21:28 -07:00
promisor-remote.c promisor-remote: remove unused variable 2020-09-21 22:32:49 -07:00
promisor-remote.h promisor-remote: remove unused variable 2020-09-21 22:32:49 -07:00
prompt.c interactive: explicitly fflush stdout before expecting input 2020-04-10 10:27:16 -07:00
prompt.h interactive: refactor code asking the user for interactive input 2020-04-10 10:26:31 -07:00
protocol.c protocol: re-enable v2 protocol by default 2020-09-25 11:40:42 -07:00
protocol.h
prune-packed.c Lib-ify prune-packed 2020-03-24 15:04:44 -07:00
prune-packed.h Lib-ify prune-packed 2020-03-24 15:04:44 -07:00
quote.c quote: turn 'nodq' parameter into a set of flags 2020-09-10 13:08:07 -07:00
quote.h quote: turn 'nodq' parameter into a set of flags 2020-09-10 13:08:07 -07:00
range-diff.c Use new HASHMAP_INIT macro to simplify hashmap initialization 2020-11-11 12:55:27 -08:00
range-diff.h strvec: convert remaining callers away from argv_array name 2020-07-28 15:02:18 -07:00
reachable.c pack-bitmap: basic noop bitmap filter infrastructure 2020-02-14 10:46:22 -08:00
reachable.h
read-cache.c read-cache: try not to peek into struct {lock_,temp}file 2021-01-06 13:53:32 -08:00
README.md ci: retire the Azure Pipelines definition 2020-04-10 10:30:40 -07:00
rebase-interactive.c Merge branch 'rt/format-zero-length-fix' 2020-03-09 11:21:21 -07:00
rebase-interactive.h Merge branch 'en/rebase-backend' 2020-03-02 15:07:19 -08:00
rebase.c pull --rebase/remote rename: document and honor single-letter abbreviations rebase types 2020-02-10 10:52:10 -08:00
rebase.h pull --rebase/remote rename: document and honor single-letter abbreviations rebase types 2020-02-10 10:52:10 -08:00
ref-filter.c branch: show "HEAD detached" first under reverse sort 2021-01-07 15:13:21 -08:00
ref-filter.h branch: sort detached HEAD based on a flag 2021-01-07 15:13:21 -08:00
reflog-walk.c
reflog-walk.h
refs.c init: provide useful advice about init.defaultBranch 2020-12-13 15:53:51 -08:00
refs.h get_default_branch_name(): prepare for showing some advice 2020-12-13 15:53:50 -08:00
refspec.c Merge branch 'fc/atmark-in-refspec' 2020-12-14 10:21:36 -08:00
refspec.h Merge branch 'sb/clone-origin' 2020-10-27 15:09:50 -07:00
RelNotes Git 2.30.2 2021-02-12 15:51:13 +01:00
remote-curl.c push: parse and set flag for "--force-if-includes" 2020-10-03 09:59:19 -07:00
remote.c Merge branch 'nk/refspecs-negative-fix' 2020-12-23 13:59:46 -08:00
remote.h Merge branch 'sk/force-if-includes' 2020-10-27 15:09:49 -07:00
replace-object.c
replace-object.h
repo-settings.c Merge branch 'ds/maintenance-part-2' 2020-10-27 15:09:47 -07:00
repository.c repository: enable SHA-256 support by default 2020-07-30 09:16:49 -07:00
repository.h Merge branch 'ds/maintenance-part-2' 2020-10-27 15:09:47 -07:00
rerere.c
rerere.h
reset.c Merge branch 'dl/merge-autostash' 2020-04-29 16:15:27 -07:00
reset.h reset: extract reset_head() from rebase 2020-04-10 09:28:02 -07:00
resolve-undo.c
resolve-undo.h
revision.c Merge branch 'jk/log-cherry-pick-duplicate-patches' into maint 2021-02-05 16:31:28 -08:00
revision.h format-patch: make output filename configurable 2020-11-09 17:44:41 -08:00
run-command.c Sync with 2.29.3 2021-02-12 15:51:12 +01:00
run-command.h maintenance: replace run_auto_gc() 2020-09-17 11:30:05 -07:00
send-pack.c Merge branch 'js/trace2-session-id' 2020-12-08 15:11:20 -08:00
send-pack.h
sequencer.c Merge branch 'en/strmap' 2020-11-21 15:14:38 -08:00
sequencer.h Merge branch 'en/merge-ort-api-null-impl' 2020-11-18 13:32:53 -08:00
serve.c upload-pack, serve: log received client session ID 2020-11-11 18:26:53 -08:00
serve.h argv-array: rename to strvec 2020-07-28 15:02:17 -07:00
server-info.c
setup.c Merge branch 'bc/sha-256-part-3' 2020-08-11 18:04:11 -07:00
sh-i18n--envsubst.c
sha1-file.c apply: don't use core.sharedRepository to create working tree files 2020-12-02 14:35:51 -08:00
sha1-lookup.c
sha1-lookup.h
sha1-name.c wt-status: tolerate dangling marks 2020-09-02 14:39:25 -07:00
sha1dc_git.c
sha1dc_git.h
shallow.c Merge branch 'sg/commit-graph-cleanups' into master 2020-07-30 13:20:30 -07:00
shallow.h shallow: use struct 'shallow_lock' for additional safety 2020-04-30 14:19:13 -07:00
shell.c interactive: refactor code asking the user for interactive input 2020-04-10 10:26:31 -07:00
shortlog.h shortlog: allow multiple groups to be specified 2020-09-27 12:21:05 -07:00
sideband.c Merge branch 'jk/sideband-more-error-checking' 2020-11-09 14:06:29 -08:00
sideband.h sideband: diagnose more sideband anomalies 2020-10-29 09:23:29 -07:00
sigchain.c
sigchain.h
split-index.c mem-pool: use more standard initialization and finalization 2020-08-18 12:16:06 -07:00
split-index.h
stable-qsort.c
strbuf.c Merge branch 'rs/retire-strbuf-write-fd' 2020-06-29 14:17:26 -07:00
strbuf.h Merge branch 'rs/retire-strbuf-write-fd' 2020-06-29 14:17:26 -07:00
streaming.c
streaming.h
string-list.c
string-list.h Merge branch 'en/string-list-can-be-custom-sorted' into maint 2020-02-14 12:42:27 -08:00
strmap.c strmap: take advantage of FLEXPTR_ALLOC_STR when relevant 2020-11-11 12:55:27 -08:00
strmap.h strmap: make callers of strmap_remove() to call it in void context 2020-12-15 15:30:44 -08:00
strvec.c strvec: rename struct fields 2020-07-30 19:18:06 -07:00
strvec.h strvec: rename struct fields 2020-07-30 19:18:06 -07:00
sub-process.c strvec: convert remaining callers away from argv_array name 2020-07-28 15:02:18 -07:00
sub-process.h
submodule-config.c hashmap: provide deallocation function names 2020-11-02 12:15:50 -08:00
submodule-config.h
submodule.c submodules: fix of regression on fetching of non-init subsub-repo 2020-12-09 12:32:07 -08:00
submodule.h submodule: rename helper functions to avoid ambiguity 2020-08-12 14:12:58 -07:00
symlinks.c Sync with 2.20.5 2021-02-12 15:49:35 +01:00
tag.c object: drop parsed_object_pool->commit_count 2020-06-17 14:37:14 -07:00
tag.h
tar.h
tempfile.c tempfile.c: introduce 'create_tempfile_mode' 2020-04-27 11:27:35 -07:00
tempfile.h tempfile.c: introduce 'create_tempfile_mode' 2020-04-27 11:27:35 -07:00
thread-utils.c
thread-utils.h
tmp-objdir.c strvec: rename struct fields 2020-07-30 19:18:06 -07:00
tmp-objdir.h
trace2.c trace2: add a public function for getting the SID 2020-11-11 18:26:52 -08:00
trace2.h trace2: add a public function for getting the SID 2020-11-11 18:26:52 -08:00
trace.c http, imap-send: stop using CURLOPT_VERBOSE 2020-05-11 11:18:01 -07:00
trace.h http, imap-send: stop using CURLOPT_VERBOSE 2020-05-11 11:18:01 -07:00
trailer.c Merge branch 'jk/shortlog-group-by-trailer' 2020-10-04 12:49:14 -07:00
trailer.h trailer: add interface for iterating over commit trailers 2020-09-27 12:21:05 -07:00
transport-helper.c push: parse and set flag for "--force-if-includes" 2020-10-03 09:59:19 -07:00
transport-internal.h strvec: convert remaining callers away from argv_array name 2020-07-28 15:02:18 -07:00
transport.c transport: log received server session ID 2020-11-11 18:26:53 -08:00
transport.h push: parse and set flag for "--force-if-includes" 2020-10-03 09:59:19 -07:00
tree-diff.c bloom/diff: properly short-circuit on max_changes 2020-09-17 09:31:25 -07:00
tree-walk.c tree-walk.c: don't match submodule entries for 'submod/anything' 2020-06-08 12:28:48 -07:00
tree-walk.h
tree.c object: drop parsed_object_pool->commit_count 2020-06-17 14:37:14 -07:00
tree.h
unicode-width.h unicode: update the width tables to Unicode 13.0 2020-03-17 15:06:37 -07:00
unimplemented.sh
unix-socket.c
unix-socket.h
unpack-trees.c Sync with 2.28.1 2021-02-12 15:50:14 +01:00
unpack-trees.h strvec: convert remaining callers away from argv_array name 2020-07-28 15:02:18 -07:00
upload-pack.c Merge branch 'tb/partial-clone-filters-fix' 2020-12-17 15:06:40 -08:00
upload-pack.h argv-array: rename to strvec 2020-07-28 15:02:17 -07:00
url.c
url.h
urlmatch.c credential: handle credential.<partial-URL>.<key> again 2020-04-24 15:53:46 -07:00
urlmatch.h credential: handle credential.<partial-URL>.<key> again 2020-04-24 15:53:46 -07:00
usage.c Merge branch 'jt/trace-error-on-warning' 2020-12-08 15:11:17 -08:00
userdiff.c Merge branch 've/userdiff-bash' 2020-11-02 13:17:46 -08:00
userdiff.h
utf8.c
utf8.h
varint.c
varint.h
version.c
version.h
versioncmp.c
walker.c Merge branch 'rs/show-progress-in-dumb-http-fetch' 2020-03-09 11:21:21 -07:00
walker.h remote-curl: show progress for fetches over dumb HTTP 2020-03-03 13:15:40 -08:00
wildmatch.c
wildmatch.h
worktree.c Merge branch 'ma/worktree-cleanups' 2020-10-05 14:01:52 -07:00
worktree.h Merge branch 'ma/worktree-cleanups' 2020-10-05 14:01:52 -07:00
wrap-for-bin.sh
wrapper.c xrealloc: do not reuse pointer freed by zero-length realloc() 2020-09-02 12:18:14 -07:00
write-or-die.c
ws.c
wt-status.c branch: sort detached HEAD based on a flag 2021-01-07 15:13:21 -08:00
wt-status.h branch: sort detached HEAD based on a flag 2021-01-07 15:13:21 -08:00
xdiff-interface.c
xdiff-interface.h
zlib.c

README.md

Build status

Git - fast, scalable, distributed revision control system

Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals.

Git is an Open Source project covered by the GNU General Public License version 2 (some parts of it are under different licenses, compatible with the GPLv2). It was originally written by Linus Torvalds with help of a group of hackers around the net.

Please read the file INSTALL for installation instructions.

Many Git online resources are accessible from https://git-scm.com/ including full documentation and Git related tools.

See Documentation/gittutorial.txt to get started, then see Documentation/giteveryday.txt for a useful minimum set of commands, and Documentation/git-<commandname>.txt for documentation of each command. If git has been correctly installed, then the tutorial can also be read with man gittutorial or git help tutorial, and the documentation of each command with man git-<commandname> or git help <commandname>.

CVS users may also want to read Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt (man gitcvs-migration or git help cvs-migration if git is installed).

The user discussion and development of Git take place on the Git mailing list -- everyone is welcome to post bug reports, feature requests, comments and patches to git@vger.kernel.org (read Documentation/SubmittingPatches for instructions on patch submission). To subscribe to the list, send an email with just "subscribe git" in the body to majordomo@vger.kernel.org. The mailing list archives are available at https://lore.kernel.org/git/, http://marc.info/?l=git and other archival sites.

Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to the Git Security mailing list git-security@googlegroups.com.

The maintainer frequently sends the "What's cooking" reports that list the current status of various development topics to the mailing list. The discussion following them give a good reference for project status, development direction and remaining tasks.

The name "git" was given by Linus Torvalds when he wrote the very first version. He described the tool as "the stupid content tracker" and the name as (depending on your mood):

  • random three-letter combination that is pronounceable, and not actually used by any common UNIX command. The fact that it is a mispronunciation of "get" may or may not be relevant.
  • stupid. contemptible and despicable. simple. Take your pick from the dictionary of slang.
  • "global information tracker": you're in a good mood, and it actually works for you. Angels sing, and a light suddenly fills the room.
  • "goddamn idiotic truckload of sh*t": when it breaks